Final Project on Maternity Fashion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Final Project on Maternity Fashion - Essay Example The essay "Final Project on Maternity Fashion" concerns the maternity fashion. The idea of maternity wear in the modern sense of the word came first time around the middle of the 19th century when it was thought that such unmentionable circumstances as pregnancy had better stay hidden. This idea then evolved into a whole industry curtailing to the need of the modern pregnant woman. It offers women who are pregnant comfortable, trendy and everyday maternity clothing. The most inconvenient thing during pregnancy is the process of modifying dresses to the ever increasing stomach or choosing what to wear that would not look like a tent. Today a pregnant woman does not need to wear her husband’s clothes to hide her which will male her look dowdy and uncouth. Also she does not need to wear dresses made as if there was only one standard model called pregnant and nothing else. In the contemporary world, the options for pregnant women to choose from are humongous. Maternity clothing un derstands that some women like to show off their bump while other modest conservative women might think otherwise. During the nine month period of pregnancy women undergo several bodily changes. Till the first three to four months, for most women, this change is not apparent. However, from the fourth month onwards changes become unmistakable. The belly and hips begin to enlarge, for most women, there is a swelling and the body begins to bloat. Maternity clothing is manufactured to cater for the expanding breasts.... Obviously it also caters for the bump that is sitting out in front. Amongst pregnant women, some of them might have brownish or yellowish patches known as "mask of pregnancy," on their faces. There might also be some dark lines in the center of their lower abdomen. Also there is darkening of the skin of the nipples, external genitalia, and anal region. The above symptoms are a result of changes in the hormones during the pregnancy. The pigmentation might not be even in nature; therefore, the skin may darken in the areas where the patches appear. This pigmentation cannot be prevented but its effect can be minimized applying sunscreen and avoidance of ultraviolet rays. Acne is another skin problem during this nine month cycle because the skin oil production increases. It is not only pimples which appear on the face or the body, but moles and freckles which had been lighter earlier might darken in response to this increase in oiliness. The area around the nipple also darkens in color which is permanent. But all the other skin problems disappear after delivery. SWOT ANANLYSIS S-Strengths Our maternity line focuses on developing a relationship with the customer. It is one-on-one basis, where customers' needs are individually catered. The life span our product line is not short as the clothes bought during pregnancy can also be utilized afterwards with provision of pre- and post-natal services. A customized line for our customers is also developed, to fulfill their special needs accordingly. This customization can be done on the basis of color, design, size, texture or any other feature that the customer may require. The focus is not just maternity clothing, but out brand aims at the emancipation of the pregnant women with full range of

Effect Of Social Media Sites In Consumer Behaviour Marketing Essay

Effect Of Social Media Sites In Consumer Behaviour Marketing Essay The new age internet sites provided online properties to allow people to communicate with each other, unlike dead internet sites, and hence create meaningful relationships over a period of time. It may be on the ground of hobby or business, it can be anything. In the online world a company can brand itself easily and without gigantic marketing budget, through videos, discussion groups/massage boards, blogs. Social marketing is used successfully and strategically by numerous marketers to increase the appeal of their business. It is easier to find out business minded people interested in similar niche in the online world. To spruce up their network of friends with common interests successful entrepreneurs also use social networking sites, they share ideas, exchange information and in the long run establish relationships and take it to the next level then promote by becoming partners or referring someone interested in the venture. The attributes for the Social Media sites in Influencing Consumer Behaviour of innovation in models and development; and market efficiency. In a development, the amount of information available is already vast and increasing daily. The goal of our paper is to investigate the paramaters effecting Social Media sites in Influencing Consumer Behaviour. The effect of social media sites was measured by applying Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP). It uses the forecasting attributes in the proposed Consumer Behaviour model to ascertain the relative importance of the processes towards a successful Social networking sites implementation. This paper discusses the comparisons for the successful advertisements on websites or social networking sites. It also considers Social Responsiveness, Information Search, Time Spent, Peer Group Influence and Satisfaction as a parameter to see the influence of Consumer. It calculates the priority by using the Analytical Hierarchal Process Keywords: successful advertisements, Analytical Hierarchal Process, Consumer Behaviour Introduction A social networking service is an online service which is defined as an explaining the interest of practice of expanding the number of ones business and/or social contacts by making connections through individuals. Social networking has encouraged new ways to communicate and share information This explains the idea of concept that any two people on the planet could make contact through a chain of no more than five intermediaries.. Social networking websites are being used regularly by millions of people. While it could be said that email and websites have most of the essential elements of social network services. Social networking is based on 6 degree concept which explains social networking establishes interconnected Internet communities (sometimes known as personal networks) that helps people to make contacts that would be good for them to know. In general, heres how it works: you join one of the sites and invite people you know to join as well; those people invite their contacts t o join, who in turn invite their contacts to join, and the process repeats for each person. In theory, any individual can make contact through anyone they have a connection to any of people with a person and so on. Along with other form of advertising and promotion, the social networking sites also have been always the leading ideas to promote business. The purpose of the Online marketers is seriously to gain output through social networking slowly and steadily not through a business which creates through its own brand but also can create a lot of additional traffic, which would have been difficult or impossible to attain. In the initial stages the business may be slow, but latterly can build a solid foundation for a brand to fix properly through social online marketing, considered as great free advertising tool. By responding to the queries and questions with analytical insights raised by members in the niche massage boards or forums, a company appoints spokesperson can let know other members of the group about its brand and thus enable the mouth publicity to spread further. Networking is just like the next buzzword these days, but it was actually the oldest form of communication in this ancie nt world. The popularity of networking websites is spreading all over the Internet. These sites can be used as marketing tools in addition to the obvious use to make new friends. They can help increase website traffic by sending tons of traffic to your website and for an added bonus; they can also improve your search engine ranking.There are certainly some dos and donts that one must abide by to avoid criticality as Social Networking sites do not have strict rules for joiners. To understand the dos and donts that are required to follow in social networking in for promotion, a set of steps need to be folllowed in order to capture your target segment. A social network service focuses on building online communities of people who share interests and/or activities, or who are interested in exploring the interests and activities of others. Most social network services are web based and provide a variety of ways for users to interact, such as e-mail and instant messaging services. Social networking has encouraged new ways to communicate and share information. Social networking websites are being used regularly by millions of people. While it could be said that email and websites have most of the essential elements of social network services, the idea of proprietary encapsulated services has gained popular uptake recently.The main types of social networking services are those which contain category divisions (such as former school-year or classmates), means to connect with friends (usually with self-description pages) and a recommendation system linked to trust. There have been some attempts to standardize these services to avoid the ne ed to duplicate entries of friends and interests, but this has led to some concerns about privacy.Though there are several social networks that are flourishing on the internet today, but the flourishing 3 websites in todays world are Face book, Linked in, twitter for the following important reasons reach , prominence, uniqueness,. purpose, customizability, and data personal experience. Face-book has come as a clear leader among all the social networking sites. According to the State of the Mobile Web report conducted by Opera Software, Facebook is also the second most popular site visited by Opera Mini users from India. Indians have shown a major transformation in usage patterns, Traditionally Indians are known to spend their time on search and email related activities on the mobile web but with the boom in the handheld-devices market. Today, availability of content and ease of access have catapulted a range of content-rich portals to rise up in the most visited domains list. According to the report, Twitter is the second largest social network site in the world with 300+ million active users worldwide. Its motive is to follow your interests, its service type is micro blogging. Its revenue is about $140million as per 2010.Its based on the principle of followers for a celebrity and total number of tweets. 57% of all Indian Twitter users have joined the platform in l ess than a year! With such quick rise in popularity and with masses coming into fold, brands and advertisers are have to quickly adapt to the ever changing dynamics of this medium.LinkedIn stands for its professional status in social networking. Its the best of its kind. Globally it has 135+ million active users. Revenue is around $121millions. LinkedIn is very oriented toward your professional network, it looks like the most professional looking of all the social networking services, and not your broader personal network. LinkedIn allows members to look for jobs, seeking out experts in a particular area, or to make contact with other professionals through a chain of trusted connections.LinkedIn Advertisements is a self-service advertising solution that allows you to create and place text advertisements on prominent pages on LinkedIn. Recently form the past some years, marketing has brought increased growth in the social networking phenomenon. Face book or Twitter have became a key part of a number of people in their daily routine. Now-a-days various Organizations consider these social media sites as a publicity vehicle of rich potential. Indeed, various companies have already enjoyed exceptionally large sales boosts as a direct consequence of endorsement from social media sites, blogs or other online communication channels. One of the most common tendencies of people making purchase decisions is by an advice from their friends. Indeed, word-of-mouth (WOM) recommendation from friends and significantly have long been recognized as a powerful weapon in any marketers armory. On that consequence, it is sensible to assume that the suggestions which emerge from friends in social media sites might have influence, which is similar to a conventional WOM recommendation. In todays world there are many Social Networking Sites in existence on the World Wide Web (WWW).   The most popular ones for business use are LinkedIn, Facebook, Twitter and YouTube are the famous of social networking sites. These sites allow users to create profiles and add people as friend, bring people with similar interests together and also allow them to create connections to construct a social network. A social network consists of all the people friends, family and others with whom one shares a social relationship.Advertising on Social Networking Sites can be low cost. Business and organizations are focusing on the cost reduction in the current global economic scenario. Hence, this type of advertising is a highly useful strategy in this economic situation.   To compare with the conventional advertising, the Social Network Advertising seems to require time to establish the effective profile and posts, and more time to actually implement these techniques on a regular basis, b ut it have low costs for the business. Social sites are not just for the company to broadcast information for consumers, but for consumers to participate in open free conversations with these companies by posting, commenting and following their Facebook pages, Twitter accounts or blogs. Facebook and Twitter provide quick updates information and company changes functions to users and however for more engaging conversation blogs are generally used to provide more information to their audience and allow for comments and questions. Jet star Company is one of an example of using social networks to promote their company. Social Network advertising is taking advantages of reduced cost, increased sales and the customer interaction. It is important that businesses build online platform to prevent the negative effect and guarantee and maintain their Social Network as it may be damage the reputation and worth of the brand.   Social media is a great advantage to companies as it allows them to interact with people at the level that they are on, even it is through Twitter, Face book, YouTube or blogs. This involvement with their customers helps businesses to increase sales, allows the customer to be part of the brand or simply as a customer service tool. Thus, the importance of maintaining a social media plan is to ensure customers are kept in active. There would have certain disadvantages of using the Social Network, like, people share negative comments with business, though not represented to affect companies. In another way to say, it is advantage for companies to provide opportunities to improve their weakness and attract customers participation. Complaint or negative feedbacks can also arise from unsatisfied customers and quickly spread across the social sites. While social networks open the company up to negative feedback and comments, it is much better for them to be in the space so they have a chance to reply back and be heard. One of the sure concern of the Companies, and allows companies to participate with their customers and listen to their positions in the Social Network. In case of the companies without the social media sites, those customers would complain that they were not getting responses from the company, therefore company needs to set up this communication and get the root of a problem is the most crucial benefit company using social media (Burson-Marsteller, 2010). As more people are spending more time online as well as social networking sites, it indicates there are advantages for businesses to be participating in this Social Network. According to the data graph, 79% of businesses are already using some form of social networking for their business allowing them to essentially promote their brand or product to increase sales. As with the Blendtec example, a low cost effective YouTube campaign increased their sales five times (Mashable, 2009). My Starbucks Idea the Starbucks an example, which showed that companies advantage from introducing the customer into their business and building their engagement to make them feel like they are part of the businesses and providing opinions for improvement. This engagement works two ways with the consumer feeling loyalty to the brand as they are part of the company itself.When the business encourages to create Social Networking marketing or advertising, they need to organize and consider all aspects of Soci al Networking, if they have sufficient prepare of the plan or organization, it is possible to control any circumstances when it comes, in case of the negative feedbacks or complaint, companies can make improvements or respond immediately and become a part of customer service to solve and help customers in the fastest way. Overall, probably the strongest advantage of social networking in business is because of the consumer. Allowing a customer to have the opportunity to receive customer service or have realized their concerns in short time to meet their needs for instant satisfaction. Traditional advertising have became of lower importance as via social media we have gained greater access to what our friends think. People more emphasize on their experiences and their friends experience with brands and products than on advertisements. Thus, the concern should be on, to understand the basic behavior of people when it comes to decision making. In Advertising on the Brain it states, people have an emotional and a physical reaction, before engaging in rational thought. In other words, the process goes like, feel then react and then think. Most advertising fails to understand actions which are succeeded by positive emotions. If some kind of negative emotion are felt which may be intentional or not, then the consumer turns negative towards the brand/product.Marketers have to be intelligent towards the emotional reactions that they create, general in creating positive emotional reactions, and make it easy for people to try their brand/product, thus solidifying the positiv e emotion that makes them share about their experience with others hence there is rise of engagement advertising. In Charting a Shift from Communications to Engagements it says, The new marketing is about creating 360à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ° brand experiences, not messaging. Consumers should buy into to your brands ideas, not just your product. Instead of defining Reasons To Believe, there is a need to define Reasons To Be. Brands no longer are contained in any communication or campaign, but rather is understood through its many touch-points. positive touch-points should b created, and positive ROI should also b created. Thus, creating multiple positive touch-points requires a creative mind, here Marketers have to be stay strong and willing to risk failure, and ideally allow a minimum of three months to test any marketing/advertising ideas to see what works. The more we can incorporate social technology into real-life events, the more people get excited and curious about it. Marketers should be restless to incorporate promotion of art into their work. After all, art creates positive emotion, which begets action. Consumer Buying Behaviour Many decisions are being made by the consumers daily. What consumers buy where they buy, how and how much they buy, when they buy, and why they buy are the main concern of big companies to research on, they need to know about consumers buying decisions. Actual consumer purchases can be studied by the Marketers to find out what they buy, where, and how much. The answers are often locked deep within the consumers head hence learning about the whys of consumer buying behavior is a bit difficult.The main focus of the marketers is on the question that: How do consumers respond to various marketing efforts the company might use? The company that really understands how consumers will respond to different product features, prices, and advertising appeals has a great advantage over its competitors. The starting point is the stimulus-response model of buyer behavior.Marketers have to understand a lot before marketing strategies can be developed. People using consumer markets buy goods and serv ices for personal consumption. The varied consumers differ tremendously with age, income, education, tastes, and other factors. The buyers characteristics and by the buyers decision process influences the consumer behavior. Buyer characteristics include four major factors: cultural, social, personal, and psychological. Similarly, we can say that following factors can influence the Buying decision of the buyer are a. Cultural, Social, Personal,. Psychological Consumers making buying decisions mainly affect buyer. The buyer decision process consists of five stages:  need recognition, information search, evaluation of alternatives, purchase decision,  and  post purchase  behavior.  Clearly, the buying process starts long before and after the actual purchase.The entire buying process should be focused by the marketers rather than just the purchase decision which implies that consumers pass through all five stages with every purchase. Yet, in more routine purchases, consumers often skip or reverse some of these stages. A woman buying her regular brand of toothpaste would recognize the need and go right to the purchase decision, skipping information search and evaluation. Thus, we use the model in Figure because it shows all the considerations that arise when a consumer faces a new and complex purchase situation.The buyer recognizes a problem or need which is the starting of the buying process, known as need recognition. The buyer re cognizes a difference between his or her  actual  item and some  desired  item. The need can be triggered by  internal stimuli when one of the persons normal needs- hunger, thirst- raises to a level high enough to develop its craving. A need can also be triggered by  external stimuli.  At this stage, the   Ã‚  marketer need to thoroughly research consumers to find out what kinds of needs or problems arise, what brought them about, and how they can manage with the consumer related to the particular product. By gathering such information, the marketer identifies the factors that most often trigger interest in the product and can develop marketing programs that involve these factors. The emerging new influencer community is wielding significant power over the perceptions of brands and companies, the influencers to communicate are largely driven by the rapid expansion of social media channels through. The new some-bodies which were the nobodies of the past are demanding the attention of communication professionals continuous seeking engagement with targeted consumers throughout the various channels of the social web. A new level of activism is witnessed by Corporate management from an influential constituency rarely heard from in the past ordinary consumers. A large share of voice benefits in the market are gained by many of these new consumer influencers. It is due to the impact of the internet, and the technologies that bring together people who share common interests, Consumers are impacting brand equity as never before. This unnerves corporate marketing practitioners with high responsibility for brand management. To control the brand conversation, Companies feel the pressure. They may not currently have a voice in the social media space. However, establishing a presence on Twitter or Facebook without the due diligence required to make the effort worthwhile will produce few worthwhile results. Simply due to acquiring a presence on these sites for the sake of maintaining control over the brand discussion for providing the illusion of taking action which sometimes feels like taking control. Four out of five internet users visit a social network site on a monthly basis, with Facebook and Twitter causing much growth in the industry, and six out of seven US internet users now viewing online video content in a month (Radwanick, 2010). LITERATURE REVIEW Social media in marketing is a communication tool that makes the companies access to people who are interested in their product and makes it aware to people who are not aware of it. It is used as a mechanism to create a personality in a brand and earn relations with people around which helps them achieve customer loyalty with increased repeat purchases . social media is so different that it is used for the interest and the needs of the business. 2010 Social Media Marketing Industry Report 2010 says, 56% marketers use social media for 6 hours and sometimes more. The most sought after tools in social media for marketing purpose is twitter, LinkedIn, face book and blogs. While 81% plan to increase usage of blogs , 76% of whole marketers are preferring to spend at least 4 hours for advertising efforts on social media. Presently it has become extremely essential to build good consumer base, and to increase there contribution in decision making. According to Soft pedia, in US 86% of online retailers had a face book page which can increase up to 99%. 65% of these retailers are pretty active on twitter and 26% of them are planning to use twitter for plans. Social media gives marketers a voice and a way to communicate with peers, customers and potential consumers. It personalizes the brand and helps you to spread the message in a relaxed and conversational way. As far as face book is concerned 700 thousand retailers already have a face book page and around 80 thousand web portals are currently properly connected via face book.Social media provides a platform to marketers to pass on there message and idea to customers and potential customers. It customizes the brand and gives them an edge in connecting with masses. Beverage companies, automobile companies, pastry shops use social media . Pepsi ,Coke, Nokia efficiently use social media for completing there targets. involved companies in social media are Absolut Vodka have a top bartender fan page on face book,BMW a Ramp enfest Page for fans for promotion of 1-Series Road Trip.,Dunkin Donuts a micro blogging Twitter account and using it valuably,General Motors utilize online equity to reach to there consumers. Recently, marketing through social media has become an outreach activity to easily connect with customers by developing awareness of brands .though there is a shift in the trends as now its affecting sales so there is a mindset to develop a channel that is committed in engaging with the masses. As analyzed by Wet paint and Altimeter engagementdb.com, we have concluded that most of the successful companies are maintaining 7 or more accounts on social media tools or channels.Internet gives businesses with lots of methods for communicating brand to customers. The most common form is banner advertisements used for promoting opportunities on internet. Banner activities are just like print media with an added facility of clicking on banner and directly reaching to advertisement. It can do two things basically for the marketer. A visitor surfing through publishers website will look at banner ad . therefore a banner ad will help them get a customer. Actual success of banner ad is when the v isitor buys the product. Failure of clicking, advertisers think that a visitor will see the banner ad and remember it in their heads. This means the visitor pays attention to the content of a banner ad and decides to visit the site in the future, or it means that the visitor will glance on the ad but is clear and have knowledge of the product or service offered. This second effect of advertising is known as branding. Product Class congruity between a banner advertisement and website should have a there is a direct effect on consumers mind towards the website based on banner advertisement and the website considering the product class congruity. customers attitude towards brand is very essential in understanding there purchase decisions. attitude toward brand is a feeling which can be evaluate consumers hold to a specific brand .going by the traditional view made up of personal beliefs of the attitudinal objects, brand attitude gets effected by advertisements. In addition to this there is attitude towards the website. Corporate Web sites offer a variety of services such as direct selling, projecting corporate image, providing product information, generating qualified leads, dispensing electronic coupons, and handling a variety of post purchase tasks (Berthon et al., 1996; Hoffman and Novak, 1996). A lot of online traffic is generated by compan ies through active promotion of the address uniform resource locator (URL) with an online registration with search engines, hyper textual links with other Web sites and in major cases paid banner advertisements on other Web sites. This method is of huge concern now a days. Like a TV, radio or print advertisement tells the audience to call an 800 number or direct mail has the receiver mail in a reply, a banner takes the visitor to the advertisers page. when not clicked, advertisement banners definitely impacts the attitude of the visitor and help build the brands product and services offered by marketer (Elliott, 1996). banner advertisements increase the popularity. Web advertisers are dicey regarding the cost per thousand (CPM) pricing model based on impressions, that insist on payment for results or click throughs. Advertisers need to know that who is clicking and what are the reasons behind it.. Answering to this will help businesses to incorporate websites system into there marketing plans and result in better decisions based on advertising response modeling. A banner ad can be successful in many ways. methods to judge and evaluate banner ads are as follow a) Clicks/Click-throughs: It is basically the number of clicks made on that banner and judged on the basis of cost per clicks .b) Page views:, this is the number of times page has been viewed from the server Also called page impressions. It gives an idea that how many people could have seen the banner ad. though it does not give proper view of the visitors and branding campaign. The most popular way to sell banner ad space is cost per thousand impressions. c) Click-through rate (CTR): It is a ratio of page views to clicks and generally expressed as a percentage of people who viewed the page and actually click through to banner ad.. The typi cal click-through-rate is 1 percent.d) Cost per sale: This helps evaluate the amount of expenses made on getting one sale. Different means are used for this purpose. Internet cookies are used which allows to combine the actual sale made and how customer reached the site. Improving banner click-through rates are essential for the marketer and the Web site doing the advertising. As banners are priced according to click-through rates, everyone works to improve click-through rates. click-through rates will advertiser understand which Web site offers the required options. Click-through rates are affected by various factors generally ranging from 2% onwards. animation , cryptic messages , posing questions are methods to improve and understand response rates, it also includes call to action phrases, color and animation, with a sense of urgency tending to decrease response rates (Double Click and I/PRO, 1996).another way to improve response rates is targeting advertisement banners based on website requirements. banner s response rate declines due to excessive exposure, with research indicating that banner (DoubleClick and I/PRO, 1996; Modahl and MacQuiddy, 1996).According to Ofcom research most of the children have a profile on a social networking site on in ternet. The report shows that how important have social networking sites become for Briton people. 49% of internet users are in the age group of 8-17 year olds, the report also tell us that over a 22% of internet users aged 16+ have a social networking profile. According to research it is common for adults to have a profile on more than one site and more than half of social net workers say that they visit their accounts once in a day . It has been indicated by research that social media sites have changed meaning of friends. People now derive its meaning making list of people have only online friendship but never met in real life.( 2 April 2008, Social Networking: A Quantitative and Qualitative Research Report into Attitudes , Behaviors and Use Ofcom Social Networking Sites Research) Dennis A. Pitta says, use of advertising media in a traditional way have been reduced in the last few years due to online competitors. The mixture of these connections, increasing Wi-Fi and access to internet, and apart from this varies preferences of customer and ease in getting what they want has put traditional media in danger. Companies that did not exist ten years ago, like Facebook and Twitter, now overshadow traditional publishers face book and twitter who had no standing earlier now overpower the traditional media. Newspapers, for example, being most popular are now hardly existing. cities that boasting of having huge variety are now hardly having one . Even Washington Post   was so successful is now surviving by offering lesser ads and also reduced content result the jobs in newspapers are getting affected and size of the content is getting reduced. Taking example of the classic magazine,  Business week, It was sold to Bloomberg for less than $5 million (Journal of Consu mer Marketing, Volume 27, Issue 5 Dennis A. Pitta). Social media has also affected radio and television advertising as well. Though , they are not dying out completely but are giving importance to alternatives. the trend toward product in traditional ways of advertising have reached its highest point. A US television show,  Bones, featured actors driving in a Toyota Sienna minivan. One commented that the car seemed unsuited to the driver who was a single woman. Her reply was that as she was artist, the Sienna had enough space for her canvases and was still a good car to drive. In this way by twisting traditional ways traditional media is still trying to keep up there standing. For super active marketers social media acts as a breath of change. They give a two-way one-to-one marketing message. Though the manner in which described is complicated but is accurate. Social media has a strong word of mouth which can be easily given to there audience, which is the one-to-one element. Furthermore , it gives advertisers freedom to understand the consumers reaction. There is a surprising trend towards social media due to the advantages available. Therefore advertisers have shifted there budgets to social media due to wide reach as it reaches there target market more easily. Advent of a new marketing tool leads to using it to best possible level. The challenge is to understand the advantages and disadvantages of social media. Agencies are employing experts in this area and are trying to master the information resource to lots of advertisers. This has led to development of specialist companies that give new and varied approaches to advertising on social media. These companies have a better idea search engine optimization and blogging. The changes made in social media started about ten years ago with ru

Capital Punishment Essay -- essays research papers

More than 4,300 people have been executed in the United States since 1930. There is no way of knowing how many people have been executed in the United States because executions were once a public affair with no central agency keeping track of them. In addition to these judicialy imposed actions, there were 4,730 recorded lynchings by vigilantes in the U.S. with most being publicly displayed. Some people, such as Pope Johm Paul II believe that these punishments are cruel and outright evil. While on the other hand, many feel that these actions taken are well deserved, like Missouri’s Gov. Mel Carnahan who has allowed 22 men to be executed during his 7 years in office. I believe that Capital Punishment is a neccesity in our society being that the crime fits the punishment, such as murder and rape.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many offenders of these malicious crimes often end up being released out into society only to be back on the same track of mischief. Eighty percent of first time violent sexual offenders, such as kidnapping rapist and child molesters, commit the same crimes again after their release from prison (where they had zero rehabilitaion). The average time served by first time kidnapping rapist and child molesters is 4 ½ years. In 4 ½ years they’re terrorizing children once again. If these repeat offenders would have been terminated, we would not have to worry about them roming our streets once again.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With the high rate of crime we have...

Michael Faraday Essay

Michael Faraday is a science hero, who made remarkable contribution to the field of electrical engineering as a result of his studies on the direct current and electromagnetic fields. Michael Faraday is a British physicist and chemist who made major discoveries of electromagnetic induction in addition to the laws of electrolysis. Even though electromagnetic filed are everywhere in the environment they are invisible to the naked eye. The biggest invention made by Michael Faraday was the invention of the electric motor. This paper through qualitative analysis of published work and legitimate website sources is going to look at the contributions of Michael faraday to the field of electrical engineering. Introduction Direct current can be described as the continuous flow of electrons from a region of negative charges through a conducting material such as a metallic object to a region of positive charges (Herman and Loper, 2006). A direct current circuit is required in order to allow electrons to flow in an uninterrupted manner. Direct current circuit mainly consists of a wire conducting electrons from the negative terminal to a positive terminal and a source of electric energy (Herman and Loper, 2006). The flow of electrons in a direct current circuit is similar to the flow of water through a hose. The direction of current in a direct current circuit is opposite to the flow of electrons. Electrochemical or voltaic cells are used to produce direct current (Herman and Loper, 2006). Electromagnetic fields on the other hand, are produced when charged particles, especially electrons, are accelerated. All charged particles in motion produce electromagnetic fields. The first discovery of electromagnetic fields was done in the 19th century. This was after physicists realized that sparks could be reproduced at a distance without necessarily connecting them to the source with a metallic wire (Thompson, 2005).. As a result scientists came to a conclusion that it was possible to communicate with people far away without wires. Electromagnetic fields are mainly produced by alternating current in electrical conductors. Michael Faraday made tremendous contribution to the field of electoral engineering as far as direct current and electromagnetic fields are concerned. Michael Faraday Michael Faraday, the discoverer of diamagnetism, magneto-optical effect, electro-magnetic induction, electromagnetic rotation, was born on 1791 in southern London (Russell, 2000). He was initially a bookbinder in Britain, who developed interest in electricity, chemical and physical works of the time. He first became an assistant in Davy’s Lab before moving out to conduct his own experiments. His work at Davy’s lab mainly involved carrying out various chemical experiments. As a result of carrying out many chemical experiments, Faraday discovered two new chlorides of carbon and also liquefied chlorine and other gases (Thompson, 2005). In 1821, as states by Thompson (2005), Faraday wrote an article on current views concerning electricity and magnetism. In 1825, he isolated benzene. Faraday continued working on his ideas concerning electricity. He came up with a novel theory of electro-chemical action in 1833 after coining many of the words associated with electricity such as electrode, cathode, ion, and anode among many others. In the late 1830s Faraday was working on his ideas concerning electric induction and static electricity. He finally came to reject the conventional perception that electricity was an imponderable fluid. Rather, Faraday suggested that electricity was specific form of force present in matter flowing from one particle to another (Russell, 2000). Gladstone (2010) states that during one of his experiments Faraday discovered that a suspended magnet would revolve around a current bearing wire; an aspect that made him to propose that magnetism was a circular force. Later on Faraday discovered magnetic-optical rotation. Despite being mathematically illiterate, Faraday’s contribution to the field of electrical engineering remains significant. His contributions to electricity were based purely on experiment. His work however, resulted in deep mathematical theories concerning magnetism and electricity (Gladstone, 2010). The main belief that guided Faraday’s interest into electricity and electrolysis research was that electricity is one of the numerous manifestations of the integrated forces of nature such as heat, light, chemical affinity and magnetism. This perception led him to the field of electromagnetism (Thompson, 2005). Oersted, another great physicist of the time had converted electric current into magnetic force; Faraday was determined to reverse the process so as to produce electricity from magnetic force. Orsted had shown that electricity had the capacity to create a magnet field around a coil. Faraday developed a second coil that would intercept and convert the magnetic field back to electric current (Gladstone, 2010). Faraday made a clear demonstration of the phenomenon of electromagnetism through a series of experiments. It was in 1831 when Faraday discovered electromagnetic induction the principle behind electric generator and electric transformer (Gladstone, 2010). He expressed the induced electric current in terms of the number of lines of force that the wire cut through. This discovery made it easy for the transformation of electricity from a curiosity state to a novel and powerful technology. After Faraday discovered that electricity could be generated by rotating a magnet inside a coil made of metallic wire, he was able to create the first electric motor. Later on he built a transformer and a generator. In 1857 he devised the laws of chemical electrodeposition of metals from solutions (Russell, 2000). He also formulated the second law of electrolysis based on the 1807 perception that certain metals could be precipitated by an electric current from their compounds, which states that â€Å"the amounts of objects that are equivalent to each other in their ordinary chemical characteristics possess equal quantities of electricity naturally linked to them. Faraday also invented the voltmeter, the gadget that measures electric charge. Development of a voltmeter was the first step towards the standardization of electrical quantities. His contribution to the development of a field describing electric and magnetic forces in 1845 was one of the most important contributions of Faraday in physics (Gladstone, 2010). Faraday discovered that intense magnetic filed has the capacity to rotate the plane of a polarized light. This concept has been extensively made use of in elucidation of molecular structure in addition to providing significant information concerning galactic magnetic fields. Faraday first proposed that current generates an electric tension that produces an electronic state, or polarization of molecules and plays a major role of transmitting the electric force. The work of Faraday laid a strong foundation of the classical electromagnetic field theory, which was later developed by J. C. Maxwell (Thompson, 2005). Conclusion It can therefore be concluded that Michael Faraday is a science hero, who made remarkable contribution to the field of electrical engineering as a result of his studies on the direct current and electromagnetic fields. Direct current is the continuous flow of electrons from a region of negative charges through a conducting material such as a metallic object to a region of positive charges. Electromagnetic fields, on the other hand, are produced when charged particles, especially electrons, are accelerated. Faraday came up with a novel theory of electro-chemical action after coining many of the words associated with electricity such as electrode, cathode, ion, and anode. Faraday discovered that a suspended magnet would revolve around a current bearing wire, an aspect that made him to propose that magnetism was a circular force. Faraday also discovered electromagnetic induction the principle behind electric generator and electric transformer. After Faraday discovered that electricity could be generated by rotating a magnet inside a coil made of metallic wire, he was able to create the first electric motor. Later on he built a transformer and a generator. Faraday discovered that intense magnetic field has the capacity to rotate the plane of a polarized light. This concept has been extensively made use of in elucidation of molecular structure in addition to providing significant information concerning galactic magnetic fields. Reference: Gladstone, J. , (2010). Michael Faraday, ISBN 1445576198: READ BOOKS Herman, S. , and Loper O. , (edn 7), (2006). Direct current fundamentals, ISBN 1418000450: Thomson Delmar Learning Russell, C. , (2000). Michael Faraday: physics and faith, ISBN 0195117638 Oxford University Press US Thompson, S. , (2005). Michael Faraday His Life and Work, ISBN 1417970367: Kessinger Publishing

Existentialism Essay Essay

Ever wonder why we have the term â€Å"free will† or where it originated? People believe that an individual can discover themselves as a person and choose how to live by the decisions they make; well this is where the word existentialism comes into play. Existentialism has been around since the early nineteenth century with Soren Kierkegaard’s philosophical and theological writings which, in the twentieth century, would be recognized as existentialism. The term was first coined by Gabriel Marcel, the French philosopher and later adopted by Jean-Paul Sartre, Friedrich Nietzsche and other philosophers for whom human existence were key philosophical topics; but Kierkegaard is known as the â€Å"Father of Existentialism†. Existentialism proposes that man is full of anxiety and despair with no meaning in his life, simply existing, until he made a decisive choice about the future. That is the way to achieve dignity as a human being. Existentialists felt that adopting a social or political cause was one way of giving purpose to life. Since then, existentialism has been used by writers such as Hamlet, Voltaire, Henry David Thoreau, in Buddha’s teachings, and more. Throughout the years, existentialism has been viewed from various lenses to express different ideas, emotions, as well as to expand the thought process of readers, movie go’ers, and theater lovers everywhere and has been excessively used in Kurt Vonnegut’s anti-war novel Slaughterhouse Five, Samuel Beckett’s play Waiting for Godot, and in the movie Inception. Existentialism is a concept that became popular during the Second World War in France, and just after it. French playwrights have often used the stage to express their views about anything going on in the world. There were â€Å"hidden meanings† that were common throughout the period so that plays would be able to pass without being banned or censored. One who wrote best-selling novels, plays and widely read journalism as well as theoretical texts during this period was Jean-Paul Sartre. Sartre had been imprisoned in Germany in 1940 but managed to escape and become one of the leaders of the Existential movement in France. Sartre dealt with existentialist themes in his 1938 novel Nausea and the short stories in his 1939 collection The Wall, and had published his treatise on existentialism, Being and Nothingness in 1943, but it was in the two years following the liberation of Paris from the German occupying forces that he and his close associate became internationally famous as the leading figures of a movement known as existentialism. A major theme throughout his writings was freedom and responsibility. One other extremely popular writer and playwright during the same time as Sartre, as well as a close friend, was Albert Camus. In a short amount of time, Camus and Sartre became the leading public intellectuals of post-war France achieving, by the end of 1945, â€Å"a fame that reached across all audiences. † (Existential Primer: Albert Camus) Camus rejected the existentialist label and considered his works to be concerned with facing the absurd. In the Titular book, Camus uses the analogy of the Greek myth of Sisyphus to demonstrate the futility of existence. In the myth, Sisyphus is condemned for eternity by the gods to roll a rock up a hill; when he reaches the summit, the rock will roll to the bottom again. Camus believes that this existence is pointless yet Sisyphus ultimately finds meaning and purpose in his task, simply by continually applying himself to it. For Camus, this related heavily to everyday life, and he saw Sisyphus an â€Å"absurd† hero, with a pointless existence. Camus felt that it was necessary to wonder what the meaning of life was and that the human being longed for some sense of clarity in the world, since â€Å"if the world were clear, art would not exist. † (Existential Primer: Albert Camus) â€Å"The Myth of Sisyphus† became a prototype for existentialism in the theatre and eventually inspired Beckett to write Waiting for Godot. In Beckett’s Waiting for Godot, existentialism manifests itself in a few ways; the frustration of trying to understand the meaning in life, the continued repetition seen throughout the play, and the inability to act. What remains archetypal in Waiting for Godot, concerning the absurdist metaphor is the way in which each character relies on the other for comfort, support, and most of all, meaning. Vladimir and Estragon desperately need one another in order to avoid living a lonely and meaningless life. The two together functions as a metaphor for survival, like the characters that proceed and follow them, they feel compelled to leave one another, but at the same time compelled to stay together. They consider parting, but, in the end, never actually part. Andrew Kennedy explains these rituals of parting saying, â€Å"each is like a rehearsed ceremony, acted out to lessen the distance between time present and the ending of the relationship, which is both dreaded and desired†(57). Therefore, Vladimir and Estragon’s inability to leave each other is just another example of the uncertainty and frustration they feel as they wait for an explanation of their existence. One of the most prevalent themes in Waiting for Godot is Estragon and Vladimir’s inability to act. When Estragon says â€Å"Let’s go†, Vladimir says â€Å"We can’t†¦ We’re waiting for Godot† (page 7). They are not even sure that Godot will come, or that they are waiting at the right place. Even if he doesn’t come, they plan to wait indefinitely. Even if he doesn’t come, they plan to wait indefinitely. After witnessing Pozzo’s cruelty to Lucky, Vladimir and Estragon are outraged. Yet they are still unable to do anything to improve Lucky’s situation. Pozzo lets Estragon and Vladimir know that they do not have control over their immediate future or even their distant future. When talking about the mysterious twilight, Estragon and Vladimir relate to waiting for Godot. So long as they know what to expect, waiting is their only course of action. Since Estragon and Vladimir can never make a decisive choice about what they want to do or about their future, their life seems to have no meaning.

What to Pack for College

What to Pack for College Deciding what to pack when you head to school may seem more overwhelming than trying to get your entire high school career on one tiny admissions application. With a little planning and foresight, however, it doesnt have to be as complicated as it might seem at first. You'll Buy Stuff When You Get There You dont have to plan for your entire academic year when packing, especially if youre on a really tight budget. You can buy pens, extra binders, and lots of other things as the year goes on. Additionally, if you arent sure if you need to bring a small desk lamp or if the school will already provide one for you, for example, just research it in advance. See if the schools website says anything.Check out social media and ask other students.Call the residence life office and ask whats already in the room. Keep in mind, too, that you are building a new life of sorts for yourself. Dont try to duplicate your room at home so much as find things that will represent your time at school. Lastly, this list doesnt include all of the things that should go without explaining, like clothes and a backpack. This is meant to remind you of a few items that you might forget to pack and that just might make your college life a little easier. The Essentials Quarters - Possibly one of the highest-demand items on a college campus. Grab a roll or two before you go.Tip: If you run out, ask a fellow student who works as a waiter/waitress.Detergent and fabric softener - If you buy a big box because its cheaper in bulk, make sure you have a way to carry a little bit at a time. Theres no need to carry 25 pounds of detergent down three flights of stairs every time you need to wash your clothes.Laundry basket, hamper, or bag - Space is usually at a premium for college students, so this should double as a way to carry your clothes from your room to the washing machines.Fabric freshener  - Speaking of that dirty laundry... a bottle of spray fabric freshener like Febreze will keep your dorm room smelling fresh and your roommate happy.Shower caddy - Youll most likely need to carry your shower items (soap, shampoo, conditioner, razor, etc.) from your room and back. A good shower caddy should fit all your essentials.  Shower shoes - The showers at school may not be as clean as the one youre used to at home. Make sure you have something to prevent catching (or stepping in) anything nasty. Robe - Not everyone wants to walk from the shower to their room in only a towel.First aid kit - Something simple will do to help cover up and heal small injuries here and there.Sewing kit - This may seem like a lifesaver when youre on your last pair of clean socks . . . and your toe pokes through them.Small toolkit - These can be a little hard to find, but are worth the effort. A basic toolkit with a small hammer, screwdriver (with different kinds of tips), wrench, tape measure, and a few other essentials will come in handy during your time at school.Hangers - Its no fun to arrive at school with tons of clothes that have to live on your bed or closet floor for the first few days.  Cup, bowl, plate, fork, knife, and spoon - One set should work for grabbing pizza late at night, sharing the 2-liter soda your RA bought during midterms week and eating healthy snacks while studying between meals.Can opener - Theres just no way to get that can of soup open without one, especially when its really late and youre really hungry. Small items for clean-up - Depending on what you prefer, this could be Clorox wipes, paper towels, a rag or two, or a few sponges. No matter what it is, that cup of soda is inevitably going to spill and youll be prepared.Keychain - While you can wait to get this until you arrive, make sure its on your list. Most students have a keychain that holds their keys and student ID; get a sturdy one that will be hard to lose.Extra-long sheets - Check with your school before buying sheets. Most college residence halls have extra-long twin beds, which are a different size than standard twin beds. Youll need a specific size of sheets to fit them.Flash/jump/thumb drive - Perfect for printing at the library, saving your work when working with a group on someone elses computer, and bringing to class for presentations. Have two or three of these on hand in case one gets misplaced.Laptop lock - Make sure your laptop is as protected as possible, no matter how safe you feel.Power strip with surge prote ction - Residence hall rooms are notorious for not having enough plugs. Make sure you can safely plug in all the devices you bring. Extension cords - With rooms being small enough already, the last thing you need is to have to move things around just to reach an outlet.Printer paper - You just finished writing your essay, youre tired, and you want to go to bed. Who wants to spend twenty minutes searching for printer paper?Small fan - Many residence halls dont have air conditioning and can get pretty hot during the summer. A tiny fan will do wonders for circulating the air in your room, even in winter.Umbrella - If youre packing during a sunny day, this may totally slip your mind. But youll be grateful for it the first time it rains on campus.Fridge and microwave - Essentials for most college students. Make sure, though, that you coordinate with your roommate before bringing either of these.Additionally, make sure that whatever you bring doesnt exceed the limitations allowed in your hall. You can find out more about size and electricity limits by contacting your campus residence life office.Cell-phone charger - Oh , the horrors of forgetting this. If possible, get one with an extra long cord; outlets are usually in short supply. If you like to sleep with your phone by your bed (or use it as an alarm), you might not be able to do so if the cords too short. Things Not to Bring There are things that you do want to bring to campus and those that should definitely be avoided. Candles - These are rarely allowed in residence halls, and even on-campus apartments, because of the fire hazard. Even if you arent going to light them, they still may not be allowed.A fridge or microwave that exceeds the size and electricity limits for your room or apartment Hotplate - These are also usually not permitted in on-campus housing.Expensive equipment - You may think that bringing very high-quality stereo equipment will make you a popular student on your floor. That may be true, but doing so may also make you a target for theft. If there are other things youre thinking of bringing, its more important to have a rule for how to decide what to bring with you than it is to worry about whats right vs. whats wrong. Just use that smart brain of yours to make wise choices. Lastly, make sure you know how to keep your belongings safe once you arrive. Who wants to spend all that time packing just to have your things disappear?!

Free Essays on Domestic Violence

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE For hundreds of years, women have suffered from domestic violence. It wasn’t until recently, that I was able to finally free myself from my ex-husband’s abusive behaviors. I grew up in Peru where being abused by one’s husband was common and it was accepted by society in general. My sisters, my female relatives, friends and neighbors in some way on a daily, weekly or even sporadically were abused by their husband. For it has take me years to realize; that domestic violence is not only being beaten by someone else, but also that it has various forms. For instance, I only considered being when I witnessed people around me being physically beaten, but not when they were being yelled at or insulted. It was after the police were called after one incident that I was brave enough to call the number being offered for help and assistance to victims. It was then, that I started to attend a counseling center that specializes in moral and psychological support for victims of domestic violence. At this center Called Women in Distress in Fort Lauderdale, I learned the types of domestic violence, its causes and consequences not only for the victims, but also on the children and society in general. Domestic violence is a burden, an illness, a disease in society that can be physical, emotional, verbal, and sexual with its own effect and consequences. What is domestic violence, anyway? It has been called by many names; wife beating, battering, family violence, domestic abuse. All refer to abuse by one person of another in an intimate relationship. The book, â€Å"When Men Batter Women†, only discusses violence between adults in a current or former husband – wife relationship, living together, or dating relationship. The equally complex and tragic problems of child abuse, elderly people abuse, and sibling abuse involves different issues and dynamics that are beyond the scope of this book. While a... Free Essays on Domestic Violence Free Essays on Domestic Violence Domestic Violence is defined as â€Å"violent behavior committed by one intimate partner against another. It can be physical, sexual, or psychological with the primary purpose to control, dominate, or hurt the other partner in the relationship† (Fitzgerald, et all, 1998). Domestic abuse does not only occur with women, however women are the most apparent cases, therefore this paper will discuss this matter only in terms of abuse against women. It has been shown in statistics that domestic violence is the leading cause of injury to women in the United States, with some cases resulting in the death of women. In the past domestic violence in the workplace was considered taboo, no one wanted to get involved in the private matter. However, there are many negative effects that abuse puts on the workplace, such as loss of productivity from the victim. It might not be everyone’s business to say something to the victim, however it is important to show support and address an issue if you see the employee slipping at work. There are many options available to companies when it arises when a partner is possibly abusing employee. This paper will discuss the options made available to corporations concerning the prevention of domestic violence and the protection of its victims. A woman who is being abused by her partner can walk away from them; they can move out of the house. However, it is not as easy for a woman to leave her job because she needs the money. This means that the woman is spending at least eight hours a day at her workplace; this also means that the abuser knows for eight hours a day where he can locate her. This man can serve as a potential threat to the work environment because he could possibly act out at the workplace. If someone suspects that a co-worker is being abused and chooses to ignore the issue then the results could be more damaging that letting it remain a private matter. The victim could lose their life and this results... Free Essays on Domestic Violence Domestic violence is known by many names including spouse abuse, domestic abuse, domestic assault, battering, partner abuse, marital strife, marital dispute, wife beating, marital discord, woman abuse, dysfunctional relationship, intimate fighting, male beating and so on. McCue (1995) maintains that it is commonly accepted by legal professionals as "the emotional, physical, psychological, or sexual abuse perpetrated against a person by that person's spouse, former spouse, partner, former partner or by the other parent of a minor child" (although several other forms of domestic violence have become increasingly apparent in today's society). Whatever name is used to refer to it, however, domestic violence is a very grave and difficult problem faced by American society. Although domestic violence can include the abuse of parents, children, siblings and other relatives, it mainly involves violence against sexual partners with women being the most common victims and men being the 'aggressors' (Family Violence Professional Education Taskforce 1991). It is inadequate to view domestic violence as an aspect of the normal conflicts that take place in most families. According to McCue (1995), many families experience conflict, but not all male members of families inevitably resort to violence. It is not the fact of family disputes or marital conflict that generate or characterize violence in the home. Violence occurs when one person assumes the right to dominate over the other and decides to use violence or abuse as a means of ensuring that domination (Family Violence Professional Education Taskforce 1991). The FACS (Family and Community Services) booklet (1995), defines domestic violence as follows: †when a woman suffers persistent physical, verbal, economic or social abuse from her partner with the result that she suffers a sustained emotional and, or psychological effect.† Domestic violence is the most common for... Free Essays on Domestic Violence Domestic Violence â€Å"Each year an estimated 2 million to 4 million woman in the Untied States are abused by their male partners. Many of them are severely physically assaulted, and thousands are killed† (www.mayoclinic.com). Statistics such as these are phenomenal. Domestic abuse appears not only with violence, but it is very prevalent in psychological abuse. Domestic violence is widespread through the United States, mostly due to fear caused by the abuser. The problem is recognized in the United States and much is being done to correct this problem. The statistics of woman and domestic violence are very high . â€Å"Domestic violence is the victimization of a person with whom the abuser has or has had an intimate, romantic or spousal relationship† (Barkley, Lynn, vol. 2, No. 7). Many types of domestic violence are used such as hitting, pushing and shoving. In extreme cases, guns and knives are used as well as sexual assaults. Another form of domestic violence is psychological abuse. An abuser will use humiliation and degradation as a weapon. Men will make their victims feel as if they are worthless. They also leave their victims in a state of helplessness, such as leaving them without money, transportation or any type of communication, such as a telephone. Women are battered by those in which they thought that they could place their trust in. It is a very frightening fact that domestic abusers are always intimate with their victims, at one time or another. . . Currently, domestic violence is widespread, and not all cases are reported. Some woman adjust to life with domestic violence. Shame seems to play a large part in why most cases are not reported. Woman have been convinced by the abuser that the violence in all their fault. Also, many woman have lost their self esteem and believe all of the humiliating words that have they heard from the abuser. Another reason that woman stay in an abusive relationship is... Free Essays on Domestic Violence Discretion and Domestic Violence In the following text a story is told about a husband and wife and an instance of intervention by a law enforcement officer. Children are also present in this example, however it is unclear if they were involved in the abuse. Three questions have been asked regarding the story. How much discretion should an officer have when deciding how to handle domestic violence? How can police discretion be controlled? How would I, as a police officer, handle this incident? Over the pages following this recount of domestic violence, we will look at the topic of police discretion and domestic violence, and discuss the relationship between the two. A police officer responds to a call of domestic violence. The home is located in a poor, working class part of Big City where most residents are immigrants and in the country illegally. Upon arrival, the officer contacts the victim who tells him that she and her husband had an argument, but she no longer needs the police. The officer sees that the woman has a red and slightly swollen face and has been crying. He asks the woman for permission to enter the residence. When she tells him that she would rather he just leave, he enters the home to ensure that everyone inside is safe. Once inside, he sees three small children who have also been crying. The oldest child says, "Daddy hit mommy," but offers no more information. The officer then sees the husband standing in the kitchen. The husband has several deep scratch marks on his face and arms. When asked what happened, he states "My wife and I had an argument and things got a little out of hand." The husband and wife both decline to give any further details. Both thank the officer for checking on the situation, but again ask him to leave. The officer is aware that he has the authority to make an arrest for domestic violence and he does not need a warrant to do so. He believes that the husband is probably the one wh... Free Essays on Domestic Violence DOMESTIC VIOLENCE For hundreds of years, women have suffered from domestic violence. It wasn’t until recently, that I was able to finally free myself from my ex-husband’s abusive behaviors. I grew up in Peru where being abused by one’s husband was common and it was accepted by society in general. My sisters, my female relatives, friends and neighbors in some way on a daily, weekly or even sporadically were abused by their husband. For it has take me years to realize; that domestic violence is not only being beaten by someone else, but also that it has various forms. For instance, I only considered being when I witnessed people around me being physically beaten, but not when they were being yelled at or insulted. It was after the police were called after one incident that I was brave enough to call the number being offered for help and assistance to victims. It was then, that I started to attend a counseling center that specializes in moral and psychological support for victims of domestic violence. At this center Called Women in Distress in Fort Lauderdale, I learned the types of domestic violence, its causes and consequences not only for the victims, but also on the children and society in general. Domestic violence is a burden, an illness, a disease in society that can be physical, emotional, verbal, and sexual with its own effect and consequences. What is domestic violence, anyway? It has been called by many names; wife beating, battering, family violence, domestic abuse. All refer to abuse by one person of another in an intimate relationship. The book, â€Å"When Men Batter Women†, only discusses violence between adults in a current or former husband – wife relationship, living together, or dating relationship. The equally complex and tragic problems of child abuse, elderly people abuse, and sibling abuse involves different issues and dynamics that are beyond the scope of this book. While a... Free Essays on Domestic Violence Introduction Domestic Violence Against Women is a global issue reaching across national boundaries as well as socio-economic, cultural, racial and class distinctions. It is a problem without frontiers. Not only is the problem widely dispersed geographically, but its incidence is also extensive, making it a typical and accepted behavior. Only recently, within the past twenty-five years, has the issue been "brought into the open as a field of concern and study" (Violence Against Women in the Family, page 38). Domestic violence is not an isolated, individual event but rather a pattern of repeated behaviors that the abuser uses to gain power and control over the victim. Unlike stranger-to-stranger violence, in domestic violence situations the same perpetrator repeatedly assaults the same victim. These assaults are often in the form of physical injury, but may also be in the form of sexual assault. However the abuse is not only physical and sexual, but also psychological. Psychological abuse means intense and repetitive humiliation, creating isolation, and controlling the actions of the victim through intimidation or manipulation. Domestic violence tends to become more frequent and severe over time. Oftentimes the abuser is physically violent sporadically, but uses other controlling tactics on a daily basis. All tactics have profound effects on the victim. Perpetrators of domestic violence can be found in all age, racial, ethnic, cultural, socio-economic, linguistic, educational, occupational and religious groups. Domestic violence is found in all types of intimate relationships whether the individuals are of the same or opposite sex, are married or dating, or are in a current or past intimate relationship. There are two essential elements in every domestic violence situation: the victim and abuser have been intimately involved at some point in time, and the abuser consciously chooses to use violence ... Free Essays on Domestic Violence Domestic Violence Domestic Violence can be described as when one adult in a relationship misuses power to control another. It is the establishment of control and fear in a relationship through violence and other forms of abuse. The violence may involve physical abuse, sexual assault and threats. Sometimes it’ subtle, like making someone feel worthless, not letting them have any money, or not allowing them to leave the home. Social isolation and emotional abuse can have long-lasting effects as well as physical violence. Domestic Violence isn't just hitting, or fighting, or an occasional argument. It's an abuse of power. The abuser tortures and controls the victim by calculated threats, intimidation, and physical violence. . Although both men and women can be abused, in most cases, the victims are women. Children in homes where there is domestic violence are also abused or neglected. Although the woman is usually the primary target, violence is sometimes directed toward children, and sometimes toward family members and friends. India boasts of a culture dating back to thousands of years where women were treated with respect. It is ironical that men worship goddesses and yet go back home and physically abuse their wives. Violence against women ranges from severe oppression to abuse, aggression and exploitation. It is known as female infanticide, neglect and undernourishment of the girl child, denial of education to girls, rape, pre-puberty marriage, wife- beating and harassment of a bride leading to her suicide or murder. Many women in India are the victims of domestic abuse. Domestic violence is a crime that has existed for centuries in many. Over the years, women have waged a determined struggle against such violence and succeeded in bringing about the changes in law and its implementation by sensitizing the judiciary, the police and the society to a certain extent. To combat violence one must first understand its concep...

Here We Come Group Energizer Theatre Game

Here We Come Group Energizer Theatre Game Sometimes teachers and other group leaders need new ways to get students energized and loosened up for classes or rehearsals.  The activity below has been around awhile. It is called â€Å"Here We Come!† How You Play 1. Divide students into two groups. Groups may be as large as 10 to 12 students. 2. Teach students the following lines of dialogue: Group 1: â€Å"Here we come.†Group 2: â€Å"Where ya from?†Group 1: â€Å"New York.†Group 2: â€Å"What’s your trade?†Group 1: â€Å"Lemonade.† 3. Explain that Group 1 must discuss and agree upon a â€Å"trade†- a profession, job, or activity that they will all mime after they have responded with â€Å"Lemonade.† (Group 2 should not be within earshot of their discussion.) 4. Once Group 1 has chosen its â€Å"trade,† the members of Group 1 line up shoulder-to shoulder on one side of the playing area facing Group 2, also lined up shoulder-to-shoulder on the opposite side of the playing area. 5. Explain that Group 1 will begin the game by delivering the first line in unison (â€Å"Here we come†) and taking one step towards Group 2.  Group 2 delivers the second line (â€Å"Where ya from?†) in unison. 6. Group 1 then delivers the third line in unison (â€Å"New York†) and takes one more step towards Group 2. 7. Group 2 asks, â€Å"What’s your trade?† 8. Group 1 responds with â€Å"Lemonade† and then they begin miming their agreed-upon â€Å"trade.† 9. Group 2 observes and calls out guesses about the group’s â€Å"trade.† Group 1 continues miming until someone guesses correctly. When that happens, Group 1 must run back to their side of the playing area and Group 2 must chase them, trying to tag a member of Group 1. 10. Repeat with Group 2 deciding on a â€Å"trade† to mime and beginning the game with â€Å"Here we come.† 11. You can keep score of how many tags a group makes, but the game works without the element of competition. It’s just fun and it gets students moving and revved. Some Examples of â€Å"Trades† PhotographersFashion ModelsTalk Show HostsPoliticiansManicuristsBallet DancersPre-school TeachersStep DancersCheerleadersWeight LiftersHairdressersWeather Forecasters What Constitutes Success in This Theatre Game? Students must offer and accept ideas quickly. They must work together as an ensemble when they mime their â€Å"trade.† For example, if the group chooses Pre-school teachers, some group members may play the children that the teachers teach. The more precise the mime that the students perform, the more quickly the game will keep moving. Guideline and Tips Remind the members of Group 1 that their goal is to engage in mime – which requires silence. No dialogue, no sound effects, no reactions to the guesses that Group 2 makes until they hear a guess that is correct.Remind the members of Group 2 that when they go to tag a member of Group 1, they need to aim for a shoulder and tag lightly. The tag is not a slap or a slug.If noise level is a concern, you may want to establish a rule of no screaming or shouting during the chase.Requiring the chase to be performed in slow motion is another way to curb noise and lessen the chances of trips, falls, and overly rambunctious activity.

Answer Exam Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Answer Exam Paper - Essay Example Take interest in the F-stat and P-value. They are the only bits you need to validate any investigation (hypothesis). If asked to calculate physically, F=Mean sum of squares (between groups)/ MS (within groups). You realize that for this question we treat the Variation within groups as the ‘error group’, thus Error Sum of Squares (SSE) where we have SS (within groups) and Mean Error sum of squares (MSE).Now when you are required to use F-Stat to validate your test, you got to have two values of it. The first one you compute as in the case shown in the table below (the ANOVA). It is called the computed value of F or F-Computed (you went the long ANOVA way to compute it). To get the second one it is really easy, especially when you’ve got the table values. Take the degrees of freedom in the row you want to test AGAINST THE TOTAL, very important, and bear in mind the level of significance. For example here we shall have F (3, 79, 0.05). They flow in the order Numerato r, Denominator and Level of Significance (LoS). You call this the F-tabulated (derived from the tables). If F-computed>F-tabulated, reject the H0. The P-Value works slightly different. If the P-Value is much less than the Level of Significance, you reject the null hypothesis. ... e of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit Between Groups 11115.24 3 3705.079 22.74625 1.31E-10 2.724944 Within Groups 12379.45 76 162.8875 Total 23494.69 79 Â   Â   Â   Â   a) F-Statistic= 22.74625 P-Value= 1.31?10-10 b) Let ?i denote the average service time for outlet i. H0: ?1= ?2= ?3= ?4 In order to test the hypothesis on means, the null hypothesis becomes the proposition that all means are equal. Thus by default, anything different will form the alternative hypothesis. c) Yes I would reject the null hypothesis at 5% Level of Significance. This is because the P-Value is smaller than the Level of significance. In order to answer this question, you either refer to the P-value or the F-statistic, when you have both it is your choice. Your Professor was good enough to facilitate your having both. Remember that if the P-value is smaller than the LoS, you reject H0; and if F-computed is greater than F-tabulated, you reject. THAT IMPLIES THAT P-VALUEF-TABULATED. IN BOTH CASES YOU REJ ECT THE NULL HYPOTHESIS. 1.31?10-10

Economy - Market structure & Macroeconomy Essay

Economy - Market structure & Macroeconomy - Essay Example Mombasa has endured rule of many different nations, from the Portuguese in the 12th century to the British more recently, until gaining its independence in 1963. The completion of a railway from Mombasa to Uganda in 1901 serves as the link between the port and the rest of Kenya, as well as surrounding East African countries. While Mombasa is an important shipping port for imports and exports along the East African coast, it is also a popular tourist area, with many hotels to the North and South of the 15 square km island. The population of Mombasa is roughly 900,000. Over one fourth of all workers in Kenya are employed in Mombasa working in the port itself, in manufacturing, and in tourism. Tourism, and particularly that of visiting naval ships, is an important aspect of the economy, accounting for nearly 40% of Mombassa’s revenues. Among its many exports are coffee, flowers, vegetables, textiles and livestock. Problems that the port has encountered since the early 1990s inclu de a declining economy that is said to be the result of price controls, import licensing and foreign exchange controls. Like Nairobi, the largest city in Kenya, the city of Mombassa has experienced an increase in population, though on a much smaller scale. This is a continuing problem across Eastern Africa, and solutions for â€Å"secondary cities† (Otiso, 2005, p.117) in which occupants can live and work to sustain themselves is elusive.

Social Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Social Policy - Essay Example The role of the state therefore, has become crucial, while incorporating the new developments in the societal changes of the time in their social policy so that state benefit can reach every one. The predetermined and the predefined modules of the social changes have not only become outdated and irrelevant in the fast changing social environment, but the urgent need to address the evolving paradigms of the society at large, has become imperative. The various discourses relating to the people who are most vulnerable to be excluded from the state benefits can be broadly classified into three categories like RED or redistributive discourse, SID or social integration discourse and MUD or moral underclass discourse. RED became more emphasized in European Union as Portugal and United Kingdom, both had relatively significant number of people who do not have enough resources to meet the average living standard and hence often were deprived of the state benefits which should have been available to them. To ratify RED, social integration took the form of employment but here also, the marginalised workforce was poorly paid which still made a mockery of so called social integration. The moral underclass discourse was different in the sense that it considered that segment of society that had defied the norms of society and had become vulnerable to the moral and ethical correct societal norms. In United Kingdom, MUD became more popularly accepted after Blair government made special efforts to understand and evaluate the cause and consequences of this class of society in a comprehensive study. The wide ranging implications of the multi-cultural societies, as discussed earlier, have brought in an equal number of interlinked social issues and related problems which are increasingly becoming major concern for the state. Apart from the problem of

1997 Return of Hong Kong to China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

1997 Return of Hong Kong to China - Essay Example Thus, the then free wheeled capitalist territory was put under the control of the communists. A huge caesura in Great Britain concerning Hong Kong emerged in 1945 when the British said that it was not automatic that Hong Kong was going to revert to the status it enjoyed before their colonization by the British. The United States had equally preferred that Britain remains in Hong Kong for an extended period of time. In 1950s, Hong Kong growth was attributed to textile exports and growth in the manufacturing industries (Gragan, nd). At some point, Hong Kong acted as the hub of foreign investment in China. Several leaders from Britain helped the growth of Hong Kong during the British reign. One of them was Queen Elizabeth. Queen Elizabeth spearheaded the growth of health institutions in Hong Kong. Through the initiatives of the queen, Prince Margaret and Wales hospitals were constructed. The two health institutions improved the quality of health services that were being enjoyed by the i nhabitants of Hong Kong (Chan, 2014). The transfer of Hong Kong to china is an event that had been waited for by the Chinese for a long time based on earlier agreements with Britain in 1984. The agreement was that China was going to bring an end to the opium trade in Hong Kong. However, the British were reluctant about letting go Hong Kong because they were uncertain whether China would be able to gain control of the region for the next 50 years from 1997 (Lowe, 2014). The transfer of Hong Kong to Chinese people was supported by ordinary of people in the region. Hong Kong was voiceless on its own. In 1996, China through its preparatory committee of 150 people ensured that the Hong Kong government began on a strong note. The inhabitants of Hong Kong celebrated within the streets. The celebration was not because the British were going or that the Beijing masters were coming. Gargan (n.d)

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Opening Labor Markets On A Global Essay

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Opening Labor Markets On A Global Scale - Essay Example The main characteristic of globalization is enhanced free trade between countries, the easier passage of the capital between country's borders, an enormous increase in foreign direct investment. This increases efficiency, and this is one benefit that is readily identifiable. As a result, many countries in with open labor markets, growth for both small firms and multinational companies, can now access new markets across the world. Due to this effect in the economy, there has been increased transport and communication between nations and continents. When economy sells the same product worldwide due to the efficiency, an individual company can Purchase its raw materials in bulk, in the long run, saving the firm thousands of dollars per year (Loayza & Serven, 2010 p., 123). Due to these illustrations, it is quickly established that firms in the opened market tend to be more competitive and efficient. Since open labor markets assist in the maintenance costs down for companies. For instanc e, companies have been able to get rid of surplus workers. This can assist these companies to avoid being bankrupt and in the long run protect jobs. Arguably with globalization, it is becoming more and more essential for companies to remain competitive within any global economy. This is achievable through open labor market strategies (Dao & Dao, 2008 p., 151). Opening labor market benefits for economies and consumers. Consumers are able to enjoy a greater choice of foreign goods and services since they are offered for them to buy.

A short paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

A short paper - Essay Example The French were the first Europeans to settle in what later became the Canadian province of Quebec and to appease the population after their humiliating defeat by the British in the 1700s, they were granted certain rights including the retention of their religion, judicial and educational systems. These rights were maintained when Canada moved from colonial status to an independent democracy in 1867. While there are pockets of French heritage settlements in the rest of Canada, most are in Quebec province where they constitute the majority of the population. Unfortunately the classical French educational system with its’ close ties to the Roman Catholic church and lack of business orientation, was ill equipped to prepare students for business management positions so that in the industrial revolution most were relegated to low skill work serving Anglophone managers imported from the rest of Canada and had few prospects for advancement. Naturally this situation created resentment which was expressed in the formation of a political party dedicated to separation from the rest of Canada and a more militant group (the FLQ) . When this group escalated their activities from blowing up mail boxes and other symbols of alleged Anglophone authority to the kidnap of a British diplomat and the murder of a Quebec cabinet minister, Canadian Prime Minister Trudeau stepped in with the army to prevent an armed insurrection. However, people of Quebec were allowed to vote twice in referendums to express their desire whether to separate or remain within Canada, with the pledge that the majority wish would be respected and if separation was chosen there would be no military action and negotiations would commence for an equitable division of the country’s assets and liabilities. While in both cases the majority voted to remain in Canada, one was very close. Trudeau, although a

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Opening Labor Markets On A Global Essay

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Opening Labor Markets On A Global Scale - Essay Example The main characteristic of globalization is enhanced free trade between countries, the easier passage of the capital between country's borders, an enormous increase in foreign direct investment. This increases efficiency, and this is one benefit that is readily identifiable. As a result, many countries in with open labor markets, growth for both small firms and multinational companies, can now access new markets across the world. Due to this effect in the economy, there has been increased transport and communication between nations and continents. When economy sells the same product worldwide due to the efficiency, an individual company can Purchase its raw materials in bulk, in the long run, saving the firm thousands of dollars per year (Loayza & Serven, 2010 p., 123). Due to these illustrations, it is quickly established that firms in the opened market tend to be more competitive and efficient. Since open labor markets assist in the maintenance costs down for companies. For instanc e, companies have been able to get rid of surplus workers. This can assist these companies to avoid being bankrupt and in the long run protect jobs. Arguably with globalization, it is becoming more and more essential for companies to remain competitive within any global economy. This is achievable through open labor market strategies (Dao & Dao, 2008 p., 151). Opening labor market benefits for economies and consumers. Consumers are able to enjoy a greater choice of foreign goods and services since they are offered for them to buy.

Leadership Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 12

Leadership - Assignment Example Leadership style: Consultative. This is a problem that is long overdue. In other words, it needs a very effective and promising solution. Being unsure about a solution needs further consultation from highly capable followers who possess expertise to assist you in making decisions. Leadership style: Participative. Although it is important to synchronize the working hours, I need to realize that my followers are very capable and love making decisions. If I insist my decision to impose 8 working hours, they might feel different about it and it may affect their performance at work. Seen this way, it is better to ask them what would be the best solution to the problem and consider all their opinions. That way, they would feel that their inputs are valued and at the end of the day, whatever decisions we may come up to, everyone is willing to follow it without compromising productivity. Leadership style: Consultative. As a leader, I am more aware of the working attitudes of my followers. Since I have plenty of time to decide, I can spend some of that time in gathering inputs from my followers since they are the ones who will directly be affected by my decision. Leadership style: Autocratic. The success of the change relies on me. In other words, my decision is very critical. Considering that my followers are not interested in making routine decisions, I have to be the assertive decision-maker in the team. Leadership style: Autocratic. Looking at the situation, it is clear that it comes with time pressure. There is no sufficient time to discuss the situation with your followers since an immediate decision is needed. I think that autocratic leadership would salvage the job since my followers are both capable and cooperative anyway. Leadership style: Empowerment. This is a difficult case since you are dealing with work and emotions. Hence, it is best to provide a neutralizing factor that will not compromise the top management’s decision, at

The Development And Growth Of Capitalism

The Development And Growth Of Capitalism I will look in particular at the works of Max Weber regarding his Protestant Ethic Theory and Karl Marx alternative theories to explain how capitalism came about in Europe. I will first look at the historical background of both theorists and the actual historical events which influenced central Europe during the 19th century. These events such as the industrial revolution are important to understand how capitalistic modes of economic and societal arrangements developed and what were the contributing factors to this development. It is important to also look at the present Modern Capitalism of contemporary society, and compare it to the past to see how capitalism actually developed and expanded, touching the important, often interlinked concept of Globalisation. Modern capitalist society is described as: The expansion of international commerce on a large scale, also the flowering of a large scale industry, the triumph of machinery, and the growing power of the great financial houses. In a word, it is the present day union of all these phenomena which really constitutes modern capitalism. Capitalism is the rational development of capital, commodities and means of production in a network of an interconnected markets. Both Weber and Marx offer valid explanations for how capitalism came about, they base their works on historical references and suggest different theories to explain this phenomena. To create a more clear picture I will also compare the works of other theorists such as Emile Durkheim and Simmel. These will be useful as they will offer alternative approaches and different points of view which can help to understand the main mechanisms which lead to capitalism development. I will conclude by giving my own opinion based on the constructed evidence from various theorists on how Capitalism came about in Europe. I will try to asses what have been the most influential factors that brought to this development in this specific part of the world. Weber Max Weber was a sociologist, he offered a theory which basically seeks to describe Capitalism. This theory is based on the process of Rationalization which Weber believes to be at the roots of Capitalism development. In order to understand Webers Protestant Ethic Theory, it is useful to have a quick look at his family background: Weber was born in a middle class family, his father was a business man and embraced liberal values, described as a man who enjoyed earthly pleasures. On the other hand, Webers Mother appeared to have contrasting ideologies with the husband. She was a strong Calvinist who embraced puritan values and absolutist ideas. While Webers father was the typical image of the capitalist entrepreneur which invested and indulged in the luxuries of life, Webers mother reflected the conservative, minimalist puritan Calvinist spirit. It is no doubt that Weber was thorn between these to views and much of his work is influenced by the discrepancies between his parents. Weber was also interested in how religion influenced identities and values in central Europe. This interest could be linked to his mother strong religious values and how Weber saw a connection between Protestantism and Capitalism. Weber constructed his idea of the Protestant ethic to explain how capitalism came about. He bases his work on the question :Why did Capitalism begin in Western Europe rather than Asia?. He argued that the Protestant religion, among with its branches such as Calvinism, created the perfect ideals and behaviours which helped spread and promote capitalism. And suggested that the existence and development of Protestantism in Western Europe, together with the development of Capitalism in Western Europe were two interlinked events. Weberss therefore describes religion as the core process which brought to capitalism development in Western Europe. Weber used his rationalization theory to compare religions around the world and found that the most rational religious system was Calvinism. He believed other world religions such as Hinduism, Confucianism and Taoism were more irrational and therefore inhibited capitalism development. The nature of Protestantism and Calvinism does actually reflect possible rational behaviours; this is shown in the ideal of predestination which is embedded in Protestants, this means that ones position in society has been decided by a higher authority (God) and therefore individuals should not complain for their position in society. This merged very well with the development of capitalism as the process of industrial revolution in capitalist development involved large amount of property-less labourers which worked for the few rich property owners. While the concept of predestination helped to suggest an explaination for ones position in society, rationalization was manifested in Protestantism by the puritan minimalist ideology. Most protestants were afraid of divine judgement, unable to be forgiven by the priest like catholics, protestants searched for an answer in their behaviour. Many protestants lived minimalist lives to escape from lifes luxuries and therefore behaved in a rational manner by accumulating, working hard and creating wealth to prove to themselves and others that they were predestined to have success and go to heaven. A difficulty in using Webers works to understand capitalism is that his expalinations are very specific to the historical periods that he studied. Because of this it becomes more difficult to compare and place the protestant ethic theory into context with the capitalism of future periods. While the protestant ethic theory might serve an explanation for capitalism development at the time, it is harder to believe of Protestantism development as the driving factor for capitalism. Webers theory acknowledges that culture is therefore the driving factor for economic development and not vice versa. In my opinion Webers explanations are highly specific to particular historical periods and cannot be used to compare and describe capitalism at a later period in time. This is because ethical values and ideas are under constant change and evolve to fit with the contemporary society. More criticism on Webers theory is that capitalism began much earlier in history and that Calvinism alone did not serve in developing economic growth and capitalistic modes of production and consumption. Joseph Schumpeter argues that capitalism began much before the industrial revolution. Italy in the 14th century was composed of many small independent city states like Florence, Milan and Venice and these were the first forms of capitalistic societies which appeared; Through trade and high accumulation of capital these Italian city states represent the first capitalistic modes of economic organisation. Other empirical evidence shows how countries with a relative popular Calvinist religion did not always score high economically and in developing capitalism. For example Scotland and the Netherlands although predominantly Calvinist states, did not develop at the same speed of England or the mainly Catholic state of Belgium. Recent works have shown how Protestantism influenced capitalism not because of the protestant ethics and values, but more so because of the promotion of education and literacy that Protestantism brought in Europe. As capitalism was a process which had already begun before the religious Reformation, it is difficult to imagine that capitalism would not have developed under a Catholic religion. Contemporary empirical evidence shows how capitalism modes can be applied to almost any country disregarding religious differences. The spread of capitalism throughout the world does not need the protestant values in order to be ethically tolerable for people, therefore it is hard to believe that Protestant culture influenced the economy. Rather more plausible is Karl Marxs approach which describes how economical development and growth shapes cultures and values in society. Marx Karl Marx offers us a different approach than Webers which is useful in understanding capitalistic development in Western Europe. Marx was born in a middle class family, he was strongly influenced by Hegel. Unlike Weber, Marx sought to influence the masses rather than the elites of power. His ideas offer a theory of a capitalist society based on the simplistic nature of human beings. He believed that it is in the nature of human beings to be productive in order to survive, provide for themselves and live life. Marx argues that it is only in capitalistic society where the breakdown of human actions becomes so acute and rational that it creates negative effects. Marxs describes the process of Alienation as the crux of the problems with capitalist society. By Alienation he means the process where the worker feels alienated/foreign to his labour. He contrasts how previously workers were in close contact with their costumers and to a fuller part of business experience which supplied more gratifying incentives and values for the worker. Capitalism brought the alienation of the worked as with the industrial revolution masses of people became employed in jobs where producers do not have contact with consumers, therefore creating a dehumanising effect. Marx in the fetishism of commodities describes how the worker is alienated from his product because he no longer owns that product. This shift in ownership from the individual producer to a single individual (boss) who controls the production creates the alienation of the worker. Marx focus was directed more at the individual rather than to culture in understanding capitalism. He believed that economic development shaped culture and that religion was merely an epiphenomenon. The general Marxist view is that of a capitalistic boss which is lazy, tyrannical and demanding. This had a negative influence on the workers which were abused and largely exploited by capitalistic owners which benefited from this mode of production. This can be interpreted as a process of rationalization, this is shown in the way that it is more rational to have mass production instead of individual production. Workers required abilities were reduced and their tasks became more and more simple, repetitive and uniform, leaving most of the benefits of rationalization to the property owners, while negatively affecting the low class workers which were alienated from their labour and society. Simmel Simmel in his works touches what Marx had achieved with his works on alienation. Providing a micro point of view Simmel suggests that the Urbanization of society ( movement of masses from countryside to cities) which began with the industrial revolution, created capitalistic centres for finance, business and trade. This offers a theory which is based on the topic of migration. In my opinion it offers a more plausible explanation than Weber as it analyses broader events such as the industrial revolution and population density shifts which more strongly than religion influenced economys need for rationalization and more efficient modes of production in order to provide for all. The focus of Simmel on individual interactions rather than Weber and Marx preoccupation with large scale issues such as Capitalist Development and Rationalization of society, helped to actually create a broader point of view which stems from the individual to represent the reality of an entire society which is becoming more Blasà ©. This means that individuals, overwhelmed by the large amounts of commodities and stimuli present in urban environments are becoming more unaffected by society and the world around us. Basically it describes a process of increased individualisation where everything has become commoditised and capital is used in almost every relation in our life, making society blasà ©. This blasà © theory finds similarities with Marx theory of alienation. Both describe a problem of individuals relations in a capitalist society where feelings and ethics are given up for greater rationality, calculability and uniformity. These are the negatives of the process of capitalism which is growing more and more in contemporary society. Émile Durkheim Born from a high class background, Durkheim theories of Durkheim developed a theory of individual behaviour. He divided social facts in material and non material facts. Durkheim described non-material social facts such as institutions and culture and material social facts such as bureaucracy and law. In his work the division of labour in society Conclusion Looking at the four theorists which seek to understand capitalism development in Western Europe I have came up with critiques and praises for various theories. I find it hard to support Webers protestant ethic theory as it assumes that cultural development shapes economic development. There is a lot of empirical evidence which suggest that economic development was already running in West Europe under a capitalistic mode of production prior to the religious reformation which brought the rise of Protestantism, Calvinism and other branches. Weber fails to address the importance of migration, urbanization and the increase of rationalization as the main factors for capitalistic development, instead he seeks to find the origins of capitalism in a set of values and ethics belonging only to a section of society. Evidence shows that not always Protestant states dominated economically compared to Catholic states. The origins of capitalism date back to much earlier historical periods and can be explained by Webers theory of rationalization, but the empirical importance on religion in capitalism development is overstated and perhaps a broader view taking into account religion, economic development and rationalization is perhaps more useful. Marx theory of alienation is also useful in understanding capitalism development, indeed the increased rationalization brought by capitalism had a strong influence in workers alienation and in a increase of productivity in exchange for a loss in creativity and lead to the development of a mass production mass consumption system which laid out the foundations for a labour-capital intensive economic system that we call capitalism. Marx focuses on universal ethical values that clash with capitalism, these are Justice, Liberty and Equality, and sees capitalism as the process that undermines these ethical values. Marx solution involves the eventual rebellion of the masses against their capitalist employers, this phenomenon has not happened in most of the capitalist world and it seems that capitalism as we know today is the most Just system that is available today. Marxism perhaps gives too much importance to economic development failing to broaden itself to include cultural development and transformation in society during capitalism development, this cultural development is linked to increased rationalism which is embedded in human nature and the increased individualization of the individual which is a process which greatly influenced the development of capitalism together with economic development and profit maximisation.