Should You Get a STEM Degree

Should You Get a STEM Degree SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips A STEM degree can envelop a wide range of fields of study. In this article, we’ll separate what STEM implies, regardless of whether a STEM program is directly for you, and a total STEM majors list. What Is a STEM degree? STEM represents Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics. STEM includes each sub-discipline inside the fields above. For example, science is a sub-control of science. Electrical building is a sub-control of designing. STEM degrees regularly offer understudies a hands-on instructive way to deal with these fields. Understudies who acquire a STEM degree gain, notwithstanding their degree itself, involvement with investigation, research, basic reasoning, and critical thinking. Understudies who graduate with STEM degrees proceed to be engineers, specialists, PC researchers, investigators and that's just the beginning. STEM Fields: Examined Like I referenced previously, STEM represents Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics. Let’s investigate every one of those fields. Science The â€Å"S† in STEM represents â€Å"science.† In this abbreviation, science by and large alludes to the common sciences, which incorporate fields like space science, science, and material science. There are two different kinds of science: formal science and sociology. Formal science is the investigation of arithmetic, rationale, and measurements, which is spoken to by the â€Å"M† in STEM. Sociology incorporates the fields of brain science and humanism and is commonly viewed as a feature of the humanities. Innovation The â€Å"T† in STEM represents innovation. Understudies who study innovation find out about the jobs of innovation in present day life. Innovation majors can seek after professions in software engineering, web/application advancement, computer game plan, and that's only the tip of the iceberg. Designing The â€Å"E† in STEM represents building. Sub-fields of designing incorporate aviation design, biomedical building, structural designing, electrical designing, and that's only the tip of the iceberg. Arithmetic The â€Å"M† in STEM represents science. Understudies who study arithmetic find out about analytics, rationale, variable based math, measurements, and that's only the tip of the iceberg. Contrasts Between Undergraduate and Graduate STEM Programs You can seek after a STEM degree as an undergrad or graduate understudy. There are Bachelor’s, Master’s and PhD STEM degree alternatives. So what would it be a good idea for you to pick? Would it be a good idea for you to plan to go to graduate school on the off chance that you need to work in STEM? Let’s investigate. Exploration Opportunities Perhaps the greatest contrast among undergrad and graduate STEM programs is the measure of examination you’ll do. When in doubt, undergrad programs are increasingly centered around study hall learning versus hands-on research. Some undergrad projects will offer examination openings, however it’s not guaranteed. Graduate projects, then again, will be intensely research centered. Most understudies will take an interest in bigger examination ventures with teachers at their college. They may even direct their own ventures. Occupation Outlook Commonly, understudies who win a propelled degree will have more vocation openings and start at a higher pace of pay. Contingent upon the organization you need to work for and the position you’re looking for, you may require a propelled degree to try and apply in any case. Top 15 STEM Majors There is a wide scope of alternatives for STEM programs. In this STEM majors list, we’ll investigate a couple of the most famous majors in each STEM discipline. Science Space science: Astronomy (and astronomy) is the investigation of planets, stars, worlds, and the universe. You’ll find out about space, just as the history and eventual fate of the universe. Organic sciences: Biological sciences majors study environment, plant, human and creature advancement, cell elements, atomic medication and that's only the tip of the iceberg. This major is extraordinary for individuals hoping to go to clinical school. Earth sciences: Students who study the earth sciences take classes in science, mineralogy, geochemistry, physical geography, and that's only the tip of the iceberg. They’ll find out about minerals, rocks, soil science, and catastrophic events like seismic tremors and volcanoes. Material science: Physics understudies study logical issue and vitality. They’ll find out about power, attraction, relativity, and then some. Innovation IT the executives: IT the executives majors figure out how to utilize PC programming and frameworks to oversee data. IT the executives majors look for innovation based answers for issues. Programming building: Software engineers figure out how to configuration, create, keep up, test and assess PC programming. Computer game programming: If you love computer games, computer game programming may be the major for you. Computer game software engineers work with bigger groups to make and grow new computer games. PC programming: Students in this major become familiar with the essentials of PC programming. This is a strong significant decision for understudies trying to be software engineers. Designing Advanced plane design: Aerospace building majors figure out how to construct planes and rocket. This major is incredible on the off chance that you want to one day work with an organization or association like Boeing, NASA, or SpaceX. Biomedical building: Biomedical designing is a cross-disciplinary field, where understudies find out about how building standards can affect human wellbeing. Structural building: Civil building manages the plan and development of things like extensions, dams, air terminals, pipelines and then some. Electrical building: Electrical building majors find out about the structure and use of gear identified with power, gadgets, and electromagnetism. Math Science: Math majors study various points, including analytics, polynomial math, trigonometry, geometry, computational arithmetic, number hypothesis, and that's just the beginning. Numerous math majors decide to gather in one explicit territory of math. Insights: Statistics is a math field that depends vigorously on PCs, with understudies learning scientific and intelligent thinking, data the board, and quantitative thinking. Rationale and Computation: Students who study rationale and calculation gain abilities in rationale, investigative way of thinking, arithmetic, software engineering, and that's only the tip of the iceberg. They will proceed to work in fields like software engineering or reasoning. Best Schools for Stem Degrees There are various choices for STEM degrees, both alumni and undergrad. Here are ten of the best STEM schools in the United States. Harvey Mudd College: Claremont, California Harvey Mudd College is a private science and building school, some portion of the consortium of Claremont Colleges that offer abutting grounds ground in California. Harvey Mudd is extraordinary compared to other building schools on the planet. Princeton University: Princeton, New Jersey Princeton University has topnotch building and science offices. Situated in New Jersey, Princeton offers numerous open doors for research. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT): Cambridge, Massachusetts Truly outstanding (if not the best) STEM colleges on the planet, MIT is situated in Cambridge, Massachusetts. MIT brags a noteworthy rundown graduated class, including 58 National Medal of Science beneficiaries, 45 Rhodes Scholars, 41 space explorers, and 16 Chief Scientists of the US Air Force. College of California, Berkeley: Berkeley, California Found near Silicon Valley, UC Berkeley has created the absolute best experts in STEM fields. UC Berkeley is the home of a widely acclaimed designing project. Johns Hopkins University (Hopkins): Baltimore, Maryland Johns Hopkins University was the principal research college sited in the United States. In the event that you’re keen on medication, Johns Hopkins has a standout amongst other clinical projects on the planet. Stanford University: Stanford, California Snapchat, Google, Netflix. What do these tech mammoths share for all intents and purpose? They were totally established by alumni of Stanford. Bragging one the best innovation programs on the planet, Stanford likewise has thorough contributions in science, building, and arithmetic. Georgia Institute of Technology (Georgia Tech): Atlanta, Georgia Georgia Tech is an examination college and establishment of innovation in Georgia, with satellite grounds far and wide. Georgia Tech has 31 majors with an attention on STEM fields. Carnegie Mellon University: Pittsburgh, PA With its home office close to downtown Pittsburgh and satellite grounds on six landmasses, Carnegie Mellon is a standout amongst other examination colleges on the planet. Carnegie Mellon’s software engineering program is positioned first by US News and World Report. California Institute of Technology (Caltech): Pasadena, California Reliably positioned as one of the main ten colleges on the planet, Caltech has solid characteristic science and designing projects. Over 90% of understudies at Caltech take an interest in hands-on research. Harvard University: Cambridge, Massachusetts This rundown wouldn’t be finished without Harvard University. Their Chemistry and Chemical Biology office alone has birthed five Nobel laureates. With various open doors for exploration and work, Harvard is a first rate place for any wannabe STEM major. STEM Degree: Final Thoughts A STEM degree is a brilliant open door for understudies hoping to break into the fields of science, innovation, building, or arithmetic. On the off chance that you’re hoping to study a STEM discipline, investigate the ten schools featured in this article. What's Next? In case you're planning to go to school however are uncertain howto start the inquiry procedure, look at this bit by bit manage for doing school research. Need assistance applying to graduate school? Peruse our master direct on graduate school cutoff times andget tips on the best an ideal opportunity to apply tograd school! Need your GRE scores to stand apart on your graduate school applications?Check out our inside and out gui

Peaceful vs. Violent Nation Building in Africa Essay Sample free essay sample

What is state building? To a great extent the develop alludes to the strategy that is followed in reconstituting an express that is non working adequately as it is normal. A decent representation is of an express that is looking to better its monetary framework that has crumpled. The term is other than be utilized to plan assembling a state using the forces presented to it by the point with the goal that it could be politically steady and plausible. There are different strategies that are utilized in state building. Some authoritiess use publicity stunts while others assemble foundation to pass on cultural incorporating and agreement each piece great as monetary developing. The term to a great extent fits to the African expresses that are trying to decide their locale newly after colonialists isolated them without sing social and different divisions in those parts. State structure can be either serene or rough. The boss point of convergence of this paper will be to thoroughly analyze the two classs. We will compose a custom paper test on Serene versus Vicious Nation Building in Africa Essay Sample or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page In typical occasions. each region ought to have the option to gracefully for its kin and ought to have the option to ensure the privileges of its residents. One boss occupation that specialists face is the test of keeping up a steady specialists face is the test of keeping up a steady specialists that is fit for run intoing essential models of its residents. The disappointment of the specialists to gracefully and secure its residents is the thing that broods power. Multi social society is one of the components that add to the vicious harmony doing system. There are different strategies that can be utilized in quiet state structure for representation. the gathering framework and buying in like manner understandings with contrasting gatherings. One plan for progressing serene state structure is by ingraining the development of harmony in school. By this way. the future coevalss will gain this human progress from their ancestors. The build of state structure as I referenced before was utilized in decolonisation designs yet later it moved to different features of life. It methodology has been is as yet an on-going system. Brutality in state structure is hazardous ( Hippler J. 2005 ; 27-43 ) It was utilized in states like Rwanda. Sudan Somali and other African territories like in the occurrence of Rwanda where in an order to take control in state developing a fight ejected among Tutsi and Hutus. A group of individuals were slaughtered especially from the minority Tutsi in 1994 under what is currently alluded as the Rwandan race murder. This battle other than made the activity of evacuees. Numerous individuals who were get awaying from Rwanda went to the contiguous states as evacuees. A considerable lot of them kicked the bucket of cholera. loose bowels and different illnesses. Another inconvenience of fierce state structure is that human rights are mishandled. For representation. in Sudan and Rwanda numerous individuals lost their lives. grown-up females were assaulted while others were held hostages of war. Indeed, even children were recruited in the ground powers. Rough state building has other than been seen in Darfur part in Western Sudan. The emergency is between two social people where one gathering contains Baggagra who are Arabs while the other one is included Zaghawa. Massaleit and Fur who are land tillers dissimilar to Baggara who are camel managers. This battle has been brought about by shortage of assets. Baggara society began it in 2003 while in chase of H2O in the South faced the non-Arab people group. The battle has prompted around 450. 000 perishes. Numerous infections have happened in the part. A group of individuals have been uprooted and are currently exiles either at place or in the contiguous states. This vicious state building plan has prompted the break of monetary cultural guidance each piece great as financial foundations. This is on the grounds that otherworldly foundations that help in consolidating individuals can non even direct their interests and exchange unreservedly as they utilized before the emergency ejected. It ought to be realized that states create due to the tranquil condition that they appreciate at place. This why states like Rwanda. Uganda and Sudan are among the most unfortunate states known to man On the off chance that you have watched the last male ruler of Scotland film that was discharged in 2006 so. you can really consider the to be of using power as a plan of state building. The film is about the ascent and harvest time of Idi Amin as president in 1971 and his fall in 1979. A rough plan in chase of harmony advances fear monger act. pirating of merchandise and other illicit concerns are led. This occurred in Uganda when Amin was in an order to augment his place ( Hansen H. B. furthermore, Twaddle M. ( Eds ) 1994 ; 78-85 ) He carried products over the limit line and offered illicit pieces to Rebels in southern piece of Sudan. President Obote requested for his home dread however this idea neglected to occur. In the long run Amin arranged a putsch when Obote went to Singapore in 1971 to go to a republic meeting. Orchestrating to the universal human rights gatherings. around 100 1000s to three 1000 individuals were executed. The majority of these were from Lango. Acholi and other social networks. Amin constrained Asians out of the state. which he gladly depicted as ‘black man’s state. ’ Though numerous Ugandans endorsed the move. their going had genuine effect on sugar and texture enterprises that shut down. Other than instructive topographic focuses that were controlled by Asians were shut. By 1970s Uganda was in a practical muss and even now it is as yet trying to recover from the thefts it acquired from the guideline of Idi Amin Dada. On the different manus. tranquil state structure has its ethics. It is more suggested than savage one. It occurred in Senegal after it become autonomous in 1960. Senghor who was the president assumed responsibility for Senegal. He made confederations with the nearby pioneers from grouped people. As such. he had the option to put a stage for his state to create through his slow changes conspire. Africans in Senegal were bound together by their powerful urge to be free and were resolved to reconstitute their messed up state not long after the Gallic specialists moved out. From the independency time frame. pioneers have been trying to propel national certainty. They utilized the plan of ‘ethnic arithmetic’ in deciphering territorial truenesss into national truenesss. This plan spared individuals from throwing unneeded blood after they got their independency ( Desmond J. Clark and Roland 1975 ; 123 ) In Tanzania. state structure flourished great without following to an equipped battle. This can be ascribed to the strategies of Mwalimu Julius Nyerere. A nearby articulation at the Tanzanian occurrence. one can unmistakably observe that any state can grow regardless of its distinctive social foundations with grouped etymological correspondences. In Tanzania. media and instructive frameworks were utilized to impart in individuals the longing to bring together for national advancement rather than territorial or social lies. Through Nyerere’s managerial achievements. Tanzania had quiet national improvement plots and has neer seen any brutal rebellion aside from a little insurrection that broke out in his ground powers however was stifled quickly with the guide of British military staffs. Numerous African chiefs did non O.K. this idea and alluded to it as neo expansionism ( Zell Hans M. ( Ed ) 2006 ; 631 ) As we have noted. states going from anarchy to arrange takes clasp to achieve their fantasy yet on the off chance that they again leave on equipped battle. the state structure technique returns to the starting point. Basically. state building implies seting all foundations whether financial. political. legal. cultural or clinical in a consolidate entirety. It is this interrelation that makes a fruitful land for national turn of events. This is the thing that has made states like Senegal and Tanzania to create while Sudan and Rwanda are financially tarrying behind. Notice: Hippler J.State Building: A Key Concept for Peaceful Transformation.Pluto Press. 2005 ; 27-43 Desmond J. Clark and Roland 1975.The Cambridge History of Africa.Cambridge University Press. 1975 ; 123. Hansen H. B. also, Twaddle M. ( Eds )From Chaos to Order: The Politicss of Fundamental lawMaking in Uganda.London: James Currey. 1994 ; 78-85 Zell Hans M. ( Ed ) .The African Studies Companion: A Guide to Information Beginnings. 4ThursdayEdition. Joined Kingdom. 2006 ; 631

Mood Swings in Borderline Personality Disorder

Mood Swings in Borderline Personality Disorder BPD Print Mood Swings in Borderline Personality Disorder By Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD, is a clinical psychologist and associate professor of psychology at Eastern Connecticut State University. Learn about our editorial policy Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on July 07, 2019 Tom Merton/Getty Images More in BPD Diagnosis Treatment Living With BPD Related Conditions People with borderline personality disorder (BPD) often experience very intense mood swings. But how can these mood swings be distinguished from normal variations in mood, or from the types of mood swings associated with other disorders? People with BPD often feel like they are on an emotional rollercoaster and typically have an unstable sense of self and extreme fear of abandonment. BPD is part of the Cluster B personality disorders, which are marked by dramatic, emotional, or erratic behavior.?? Lets explore the typical pattern of mood swings in BPD, and how they are different from mood swings that we all experience from time to time. In addition, there are many co-occurring  symptoms that a person with BPD will typically experience, which can help differentiate it from other conditions. Mood Swings Everyone experiences emotional ups and downs, but people with BPD tend to experience mood swings that are more intense and frequent than the typical person and last between a few hours and a few days.?? While its normal to have your mood shift from feeling good to feeling down, someone with BPD may experience very extreme mood shifts for minor reasonsâ€"going from feeling okay to feeling devastated, desperate, or completely hopeless within a matter of moments. In fact, many people with BPD feel so overwhelmed by these intense emotional shifts that they engage in impulsive behaviors such as substance abuse, binge eating,  self-harm,  or even suicidal thoughts or behaviors,???  in order to feel better. These mood swings may also happen frequently. Someone with BPD can have many mood swings in the course of a day, whereas most people will only experience one or two major emotional shifts in the course of a week. In addition, while most people have times in their lives when they are more emotionally vulnerable than other times, people with BPD experience emotional ups and downs consistently for years. This can result in unstable interpersonal relationships with loved ones, friends, and colleagues. Some other symptoms of this disorder may include:?? Intense anger that they have trouble controllingParanoid thoughtsExtreme sensitivity to perceived rejection and abandonmentFeelings of emptinessInability to self-sootheFeeling dissociated from oneself, including observing oneself from outside the body or not feeling in touch with reality External Trigger as a Distinguishing Factor Mood swings in BPD can also be distinguished from other types of mood problems by examining the triggers that precede the mood shift. Very often, a mood swing in BPD happens in reaction to an external trigger, and these triggers are often related to perceived rejection or abandonment by another person.?? Though researchers are still trying to understand the borderline personality brain, they know that its fight-or-flight response is easily triggered, causing the rational part of the brain to turn off and the survival instinct to turn on. This makes the person act in ways that are inappropriate or out-of-proportion to the situation.?? If You Have Mood Swings Does It Mean You Have BPD? Keep in mind that even if you have mood swings that fit the description above, this is just one of a number of symptoms of BPD. Having mood swings alone is not enough to warrant a diagnosis of BPD. However, if you are finding that your emotional ups and downs are interfering with your work, school, relationships, or enjoyment of life, it makes sense to seek out professional help. Remember its important to take good care of your emotional health, just as you would your physical health.

Ancient Roman Entertainment - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 723 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/09/21 Category Entertainment Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: Ancient Rome Essay Did you like this example? Theatre The theatre is one of Ancient Rome form of entertainment. The characters in Roman plays were all played by male slaves. Men played the parts of the women. The typical characters that were played in Ancient Rome theatres included the rich man, the king, the soldier, the slave, the young man and the young woman. If necessary, an actor would play two or more roles in a single performance. The mask was the most notable part of an actor’s performance. More masks and wigs were used for comedies that tragedies. Gray wigs represented old men, black for young men and red for slaves. Young men wore brightly colored clothing, while old men wore white so that the audience can easily identify the characters. Pantomimes were popular during the first century BC. Pantomimes involved miming roles to accompaniments of singers, dancers and musicians. Women wore allowed in mimes and pantomimes, but eventually degenerated into vulgar and disgusting tastelessness. In Ancient Rome , plays were usually presented on contemporary wooden stages at the time of the games. In 55 BC, the first permanent Roman theatre was built. It had a seating capacity of twenty seven thousand. In Greek theatres there was a circular space located in front of the stage called the orchestra, since Roman plays usually lacked a true chorus, the area in front of the stage simply became a semicircular area. Admission to the Roman plays were free for citizens. Originally, women were only admitted to view tragedies, but, later, no such restrictions were imposed. Public Baths The baths were a place of leisure in the time of the Roman Empire. People from nearly every class could attend the public baths. Diocletian and Caracalla were the two most well preserved baths of Ancient Rome. Diocletian’s baths cover thirty acres and the Caracalla baths cover twenty seven acres. Now, the ruins of the Diocletian’s baths include two Roman churches, St. Mary of the Angels and the orato ry of St. Bernard. Towards the center of the Roman baths could be found the tapidarium a warm bathroom. The tapidarium was surrounded on one side by the frigidarium, a large cold pool about two hundred feet by one hundred feet, and on the other side could be ound the calidarium, a very hot steamy room heated by subterranean steam. Hot air and steam baths had been known to the Greeks as early as the fifth century BC. The original thermae was small. By the first century BC, hypocaust heating allowed for the creation of hot/cold rooms and plunge baths. The baths were not only for leisure, but also, for social gathering. Portico shops sheltered gardens and promenades, gymnasium, rooms for massage, libraries and museums could also be found in the public baths. To compliment these scholarly havens were marble sculptures and other artistic masterpieces. Amphitheater The Roman amphitheater was the center of entertainment in Ancient Rome. Amphitheatres were most commonly used for gladiato rial matches. However, by the last first century BC, the games had lost their ritualistic significance. The amphitheatre was the place where people went to see fights. These fights were between slaves, prisoners of war or criminals, and sometimes wild animals. Originally, there were gladiatorial schools, but the state took control of them to avoid the men becoming private armies. There were four main types of gladiators, the Murmillo, the Retiaritus, the Samnite and the Thracian. Other fights which happened were between men and animals. Special types of â€Å"wild animal matches† were introduced in the second century BC and became very popular. Criminals, prisoners of war, or trained and paid fighters were the ones who participated in these wild anime matches. The more exotic the animal the more exciting the fight. Giraffe, elephants, panthers, lions, tigers and any other animals that could be found were slaughtered in the arena. The amphitheater itself was Roman, not G reek, and is particularly common in the west. The first known amphitheater dates to 80 BC at Pompeii and the first permanent one in Rome goes back to 29 BC. The largest amphitheater in the Roman Empire was the Colosseum. It could seat up to fifty thousand people at once. In small towns, the local amphitheaters were the only entertainment. Since amphitheaters were so huge, they were constructed on the edge of a city or directly outside its walls. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Ancient Roman Entertainment" essay for you Create order

Parkinson s Disease ( Pd ) - 1361 Words

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease which is progressive, incurable and debilitating. The disease is caused by a loss of dopamine producing neurons in the brainstem which leads primarily to motor deficits. In Australia, 1 in 350 people live with PD and the prevalence is quickly growing (Parkinson s Queensland, 2014). While most of the people diagnosed with PD are over 65 years old, people as young as 30 can develop the condition (Parkinson s Queensland, 2014). Currently, there is no known cure for the disease and thus treatment options are limited, meaning that those living with PD, will have to manage the condition for the rest of their life. While PD is often viewed as impacting only the older generation, the effect of the condition is multi-generational. There is a high burden of care for those with PD as they may become completely dependent in most of their activities of daily living (ADL), this impacting on the role of the spouse, family and health car e workers. It is therefore important for those with PD to remain as independent as possible, for as long as possible while maintaining a quality of life that is meaningful and satisfying to them. This is why occupational therapists with their unique focus on activities and meaning making, play an important role in PD management. In a patient with PD, neurodegeneration occurs primarily in the basal ganglia and causes dysfunction of the motor loop. As this circuit is responsible for the regulationShow MoreRelatedThe Parkinson s Disease ( Pd )1058 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The Parkinson s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer s disease (Lang and Lozano, 1998). It affects about 1% of the population with different ethnic backgrounds throughout the world over the age of 65 (Tanner and Goldman, 1996). The aetiology of Parkinson s disease is not well understood; however, genetic and environmental factors are thought to play a role (Checkoway and Nelson, 1999). Pathologically, PD is characterised by mitochondrialRead MoreAnalysis Of Parkinson s Disease ( Pd )725 Words   |  3 Pages Introduction Parkinson s disease (PD) is the second world s major neurological disease (Laut Breteler, 2006) affecting 6 million people globally (Schapira, 1999). PD is a progressive and long term disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) activity with the following traits including bradykinesia, rigorousness, involuntary muscular contraction and unstable postural alignment (O Sullivan Schmitz, 2007). Basal ganglia are located in the CNS have large nerve fibers and neurotransmittersRead MoreParkinson s Disease ( Pd )1326 Words   |  6 Pages Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most frequent neurodegenerative diseases, falling second to Alzheimer’s disease. It is stated that there are roughly 5 million individuals worldwide and 1 million individuals in the U.S. that suffer from PD. PD arises from the lack of dopamine in the brain along with the degradation of dopaminergic neurons, particularly in the substantia nigra pars compacta.1 The degradation of the dopamine n eurons increases the number of free radicals in the substantia nigraRead MoreParkinson s Disease ( Pd )822 Words   |  4 PagesParkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by aberrant ÃŽ ±-synuclein aggregates within neurons causing damage or neuronal death in different regions of the brain with most disease development occurring in the substantia nigra (NIH.PARK). ÃŽ ±-synuclein positive Lewy bodies are another hallmark of PD development (NIH.PARK). Damage or death of neurons leads to a decrease in dopamine production which is required for smooth control of muscle movement (NIH.PARK2, NIH.PARK). ClinicallyRead MoreParkinson s Disease ( Pd )951 Words   |  4 PagesParkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative debilitating movement disease which gets worse over time (Medscape, 2015). After much research and study no known cause has yet been determined and experts have hypothesized that it is a mix of inherited and environmental factors (M edscape, 2015). However, regardless of the unspecific cause, it is characterized by a significant loss in dopamine transportation to the basal ganglia which manifests itself in the three following physiologic signs: restingRead MoreAnalysis Of Parkinson s Disease ( Pd )1890 Words   |  8 Pagesthe salient characteristics associated with Parkinson’s disease (PD) are most commonly linked to motor deficits, including tremor and rigidity, a majority of individuals with PD also experience a variety of sensorimotor speech deficits. While listeners often describe the speech of individuals with PD as unnatural or unintelligible, reflecting many of the phonatory, articulatory, and prosodic deficits linked to the disorder, individuals with PD tend to minimize or even deny their speech differencesRead MoreEarly Parkinson s Disease ( Pd ) Through The Characteristics Of Finger Movement During Typing Essay5181 Words   |  21 Pagesresearch into detecting early Parkinson’s Disea se (PD) through the characteristics of finger movement during typing. It begins with a discussion of PD and its symptoms, and then provides an overview of the current and emerging diagnostic strategies for early detection of the disease, with particular emphasis on those involving human-computer interaction (HCI) and the relationship with keystroke biometrics. The scope of the review is to focus on the motor symptoms of PD, rather than the causes, pathogenesisRead MoreParkinsonS Disease, Also Known As Pd, Shaking Palsy, And1530 Words   |  7 Pages Parkinson s disease, also known as PD, shaking palsy, and paralysis agitans is an idiopathic neurodegenerative disorder; it rises from an unknown cause and increases in severity over time (Ronken). The disease was named after English physician James Parkinson, who first described it in 1817 (Weiner). PD can be defined as the degeneration of neurons in the substantia nigra, which is the area of the brain that contains dopamine cells and regulates movement. As the degeneration of neurons occurs,Read MoreIs Parkinson Disease A Disease?1290 Words   |  6 Pages Parkinson Disease Danielle West University Of Arkansas Fort Smith Medical Terminology Fall of 2015 Introduction Parkinson is a disease that is a glitch in the neurons in the brain, which frequently affects the substantia nigra. Part of the dying neurons produces a chemical called dopamine. As this progresses, the dopamine in the brain decreases. Dopamine is a chemical in the brain which helps the body regulate coordination and movement in the body. Once Parkinson Disease (PD)Read MoreActive Music Therapy For Parkinson s Disease : An Integrative Method For Motor And Emotional Rehabilitation971 Words   |  4 PagesIn the article â€Å"Active Music Therapy in Parkinson’s Disease: An Integrative Method for Motor and Emotional Rehabilitation† by Claudio Pacchetti, MD, Francesca Manni, MD, Roberto Aglieri, Cira Fundaro, MD, Emilia Martignoni, MD, and Giuseppe Nappi, MD published in Psychosomatic Medicine (2000) states that active music therapy is an effective method of rehabilitation for Parkinson’s Disease. As of now Parkinson’s disease (PD) has no effective cure, so all that can be done for those that are affected

Discussion Board Ann David Free Essays

With the current hard economic times, it is necessary for a business organization to put into consideration all the factors that are likely to affect its success in the market. It is true that every company will have to work harder so that it can realize its goals due to the current economic instability. This economic instability has been brought about by the current global economic recession that the whole world is facing. We will write a custom essay sample on Discussion Board: Ann David or any similar topic only for you Order Now It should therefore be noted that with the currently development in technology in the world, the world is turning out to be a global village and one can buy any product from any part of the world. As Porter, (2000) puts it, even though location may be integrated with the company’s wellbeing financially, socially and in terms of available resources, technology has a major part to play as it is the one that determines the market area of the product the company comes up with. Response to David’s posting Time is the only constant thing in this world. This means that in every organization, there will be some changes needed after some time. However, one cannot just wake up one morning and decide to change. According to Satterlee, (2009) the fast growing technological development in the world today is making some organization’s traditional practices are becoming obsolete and they are being replace by new ones. This means that the organization must change so that it can adapt to the new environment for it to survive. There are some three steps that need to be followed so that one can know how and what to change. In as much as an organization must follow the three steps to change suggested by Nolifer Merchants, it must be well prepared as change comes along with the use of some extra resources. References Porter, M. (2000). Economic Development Quarterly. Location, Competion, and Economic Development. Retrieved July 8, 2010, from http://edq.sagepub.com.ezproxy.liberty.edu:2048/content/14/1/15.full.pdf+html Satterlee, B. (2009). Cross Border Commerce. Roanoke, VA: Synergistics, Inc. How to cite Discussion Board: Ann David, Papers

Marketing for Reliability - Workmanship- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theMarketing for Reliability, Workmanship and Durability. Answer: Introduction Organizations today have moved towards using promotional tactics for improving their quality image in the market. Advertisements are placing importance on quality along with aspects like reliability, workmanship and durability. It has become the responsibility of the companies that they must first properly build up their quality of the products and services to live up to the claims of their advertising. Customers are looking for solutions to their problems, they are not looking for mere products. Knowing what the value needs of the customer asks for an active listening of the customers needs, which would lead to actual acting on the information (Brocato, Voorhees and Baker 2012). Discussion Customer expectations is the understanding of what it required for providing supreme customer service that would bring superior customer satisfaction. The requirement of knowing and realizing who are the customers and comprehend their wants are extremely important. Customer expectation is a fundamental aspect of customer service and satisfaction and it sets the benchmark in a way that mirrors on making sure of customer loyalty and repurchasing. Delivering a good products or service to any customer would ensure the return of the customer and even make sure the satisfactory experience would bring in a lot of word-of-mouth publicity and more customers. Customer service is all about expectations, which gets shaped by the experiences they had previously. It is the responsibility of the businesses to meet or surpass the expectations customers have. Customer service either gets praised or criticized based on the expectations. If the service is able to meet expectations then the company is d oing exactly what is expected and they would not receive any kind of criticism or praise (Daunt and Harris 2012). If any industry is known for having bad customer service then they have the opportunity of getting excellent competitive advantage by upgrading to excellent customer service, if not then average. Expectations of customers are forever evolving and people are using different new ways of connecting with companies. Social media has become an important customer service channel in organizations. In key terms, the association between any customer and business is a trip. There is a fundamental meeting (be it online or eye to eye), where expectations (in a perfect world) will be clearly settled. By then, the business begins the path toward passing on those expectations. In case the expectations are met, the customer is satisfied, and is subsequently at risk to return later on. The key issue here is that customers perspective of a business relies upon the detachment between what the customer needs and what the customer gets. It's a touch of startling to comprehend that beyond question the idea of customer service an association passes on is as a general rule less key in choosing shopper steadfastness than how much an association meets or outperforms "expectations" (O'Cass and Sok 2013). An association that has for the most part poor service levels, yet pulls in customers as a result of settlement or price is not going to persist financially, in light of current conditions, stood out from an association with customers who have high expectations that are disappointed. That is one inspiration driving why numerous associations are incredibly productive in spite of the way that their customer service is odious. The opening among expectations, and what is passed on is close to nothing or non-existent (Goddard et al. 2012). In an organisation, customer service gap is found if there is a difference discovered between customer expectations and customer perceptions. The best way to close these gaps is by comprehending customer needs and knowing customer expectations. The SERVQUAL (service quality gap model) is a model in service quality management that can be used for identifying gaps existing between customer expectations and the real services that are offered at the different stages of service delivery, and also for closing the gap and bettering customer service. Improvement of customer experience has become a huge feature of corporate strategy and more executives are facing the decision of committing to their organizations for broadening customer experience transformation. However, that is not enough for understanding that the positive results of change are huge. The most immediate hurdle would be deciding on the way of structuring the organization and its rollout and then deciding upon where and the way to get started. These important issues are far-reaching and complicated as the customer experience transformations often fail living up to the expectations. The base of such transformations ask for organizations in making cultural changes and then requiring themselves both financially and operationally (de Oa, de Oa and Calvo 2012). Cross functional customer journeys cut across conventional organizational boundaries and bringing any change in this is difficult. It is extremely vital that the service design is considered before starting - dec iding on the structure, examining the best sequence for the company and making sure service agents are engaged and inevitable resistance is minimized. The company might also consider thinking about where to start from for making sure of delivering near term impression. It is vital for attainment of momentum and organizational buy-in and for the identification of funding and the capability of reinvesting in the transformation (Ulaga and Loveland 2014). Customer expectations and satisfaction are immovably related. Customers feel less satisfied when they expect something from an association however don't get what they foreseen. On the other hand, in case they have low expectations of an association and are charmingly stunned, they may feel more satisfied than if they had elite necessities and feel they have been let down. Abnormally, associations are not for the most part prepared to decisively envision what customers will suspect from them, and systems of social event and exploring feedback are customarily basic. Consistently, a customer's level of satisfaction is dependent on the expectations he has for an association. For example, if he envisions that an association will offer incite service, nonetheless he encounters delays in the treatment of his order, he may feel unsatisfied. In like way, if he believes an association will give a quality product and his purchase has all the earmarks of being modestly made, he may feel sorrowfu l. Similarly, a customer may feel disillusioned with an association in case he believes his business is regarded, yet an association exhibits for the most part by empowering its agents to dismiss him, act rudely, or disregard to respond reasonably to grievances. A great part of the time, customer expectations and satisfaction are influenced by the promotions an association uses to offer its products or services. For example, if an association exposes that it frames orders inside a particular time portion however then fails to fulfill this, its customers are most likely going to feel bamboozled by the advancement and frustrated (Victorino, Verma and Wardell 2013). In like way, if an association advances itself as putting customer service to begin with, however then shows only a typical level of stress here, its customers are presumably going to be less satisfied. In such cases, the relationship between customer expectations and satisfaction is one the association influenced with its publicizing claims. Every so often a customer's own particular presumptions around an association immaterial to advancing can moreover impact the association between customer expectations and satisfaction. For example, if a customer believes an association has the authority to quickly and definitely investigate an equipment issue, however the association can't give a finding instantly, the customer may feel let down. The same may stay steady if the customer envisions that an association will recognize unprecedented orders yet it decreases to do in that capacity. Numerous associations wrongly endeavor to meet acknowledged expectations as opposed to acknowledging what the customers' expectations genuinely are. If the expectations are acknowledged, the association's needs may have all the earmarks of being off kilter in light of the way that is does not by any extend of the creative energy grasp what its customers require or consider by and large fundamental. In such cases and in lig ht of the association between customer expectations and satisfaction, finding convincing procedures for gaging customer needs may show fundamental for the association's flourishing (Miles, Miles and Cannon 2012). At one level, the theory of marketing has comprehensive application the same concealed concerns and norms apply whatever the possibility of the business. In any case, the nature of a particular service business may deal with a need to put altogether more vital emphasis on certain marketing segments, which along these lines could incite differing marketing approaches. It is routinely battled that services have exceptional qualities that different them from stock or made products. The four most ordinarily credited to services are: Intangibility services are to a tremendous degree reasonable and slippery. Heterogeneity services are non-standard and significantly factor. Inseparability services are regularly made and eaten up meanwhile, with customer intrigue at the same time. Perishability it is unreasonable to store services in stock (Duverger 2012). Conclusion In conclusion, it has been found that organizations today have moved towards using promotional tactics for improving their quality image in the market. Advertisements are placing importance on quality along with aspects like reliability, workmanship and durability. It has become the responsibility of the companies that they must first properly build up their quality of the products and services to live up to the claims of their advertising. Customers are looking for solutions to their problems, they are not looking for mere products. Knowing what the value needs of the customer asks for an active listening of the customers needs, which would lead to actual acting on the information. References and Bibliography Brocato, E.D., Voorhees, C.M. and Baker, J., 2012. Understanding the influence of cues from other customers in the service experience: A scale development and validation.Journal of Retailing,88(3), pp.384-398. Chang, M.Y., Chen, K., Pang, C., Chen, C.M. and Yen, D.C., 2013. A study on the effects of service convenience and service quality on maintenance revisit intentions.Computer Standards Interfaces,35(2), pp.187-194. Daunt, K.L. and Harris, L.C., 2012. Exploring the forms of dysfunctional customer behaviour: A study of differences in servicescape and customer disaffection with service.Journal of Marketing Management,28(1-2), pp.129-153. de Oa, J., de Oa, R. and Calvo, F.J., 2012. A classification tree approach to identify key factors of transit service quality.Expert Systems with Applications,39(12), pp.11164-11171. Duverger, P., 2012. Using dissatisfied customers as a source for innovative service ideas.Journal of Hospitality Tourism Research,36(4), pp.537-563. Goddard, M.G.J., Raab, G., Ajami, R.A. and Gargeya, V.B., 2012.Customer relationship management: A global perspective. Gower Publishing, Ltd.. Miles, P., Miles, G. and Cannon, A., 2012. Linking servicescape to customer satisfaction: exploring the role of competitive strategy.International Journal of Operations Production Management,32(7), pp.772-795. O'Cass, A. and Sok, P., 2013. Exploring innovation driven value creation in B2B service firms: The roles of the manager, employees, and customers in value creation.Journal of Business Research,66(8), pp.1074-1084. Paluch, S. and Blut, M., 2013. Service separation and customer satisfaction: assessing the service separation/customer integration paradox.Journal of Service Research,16(3), pp.415-427. Ulaga, W. and Loveland, J.M., 2014. Transitioning from product to service-led growth in manufacturing firms: Emergent challenges in selecting and managing the industrial sales force.Industrial Marketing Management,43(1), pp.113-125. Victorino, L., Verma, R. and Wardell, D.G., 2013. Script usage in standardized and customized service encounters: Implications for perceived service quality.Production and Operations Management,22(3), pp.518-534. Wang, C., Harris, J. and Patterson, P.G., 2012. Customer choice of self-service technology: the roles of situational influences and past experience.Journal of Service Management,23(1), pp.54-78.

ADOLF HITLER Essays (1508 words) - Adolf Hitler, Orders, Decorations

ADOLF HITLER BY: JUSTIN HANSON It all started with a small child called Adolf, born in Braunau am Inn, Austria, on April 20, 1889. He was the fourth of six children born by his parents, Alois Hitler and Klara Polzl . When Adolf was three years old his family moved from Austria into Germany . During his childhood he often fought with his father Alois and when his brother, Edmund, died in 1900 he became really detached and nonsocial to everyone in the family. As a young lad he became interested in fine arts such as painting and drawing. His father being a hardy man was disapproved of his interests in these practices. Also during this time Adolf rejected the authority of Austria-Hungary. These ideas could have been the leading force to his obscene actions later in life. On the date of 1903 Adolf's mother died unexpectedly due to Breast cancer. Adolf's mother allowed him to drop out of school. He later moved out of his house with his parents to live at Vienna. Here he worked as a casual laborer and watercolor painter. Hitler applied to the school of Academy of Fine Arts twice, and he was rejected both times. Adolf broke and out of a job he lived in a homeless shelter, where he stayed for several more years of his life. Adolf later pointed out that this is where he started to think about the anti-Semitism thoughts brewed up from. At the start of World War 1 Adolf saw his opportunity to leave the shelter and joined the German army. He was accepted in august f1914, though he was still an Austrian Citizen. Although he spent much of his time not in the front lines he did se combat at a number of significant battles. He was wounded at the battle of Somme and was decorated for bravery, receiving the Iron Cross First Class and the Black Wound Badge. Adolf become embittered over the collapse of the war effort and the experience of fighting the war just strengthened his passion for German Patriotism, and he was shocked by Germany\s surrender in 1918. O f course he hated the Choice made by Germany and Blamed the Civilian leaders and Marxists. He also found the Treaty of Versailles degrading, particularly the demilitarization of the Rhineland and the stipulations that Germany accepted responsibility for starting the war. After World War 1 Adolf returned to Munich to continue his work as a military Intelligence Officer. While monitoring the activities of the German Workers Party, Adolf adopted many of the anti-Semitic, nationalist and anti-Marxist ideas of DAP founder Anton Drexler. Drexler invited Adolf to join this party and to which he did in year 1919. To increase its appeal the DAP changed its name to Nationalsozialstische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei . Adolf personally designed the party banner, featuring a swastika in a white circle on a red background. Adolf soon gained notoriety for his vitriolic speeches against the Treaty of Versailles, Rival politicians, Marxists and Jews. In 1921, Adolf replaced Drexler as NSDAP party chairman. Adolf's amazing beer-hall speeches began attracting audiences. Some early followers of his speeches were captain Ernst Rohm, the head of the Nazi paramilitary organization, the Sturmabtelung , which protected meetings and frequently attacked political opponents. On November 8, 1923 Adolf and the SA stormed a public meeting building with 3000 people in it. This places was a large beer hall in Munich. Adolf announced that the national revolution had begun and declared the formation of a new government. After a short struggle or fight there were 20 deaths, the coup or plan failed. Adolf was arrested and put on trial for high treason. He served a year in prison on which everyone knows that he made the book Mein Kampf ("My Struggle") . This book was written to his deputy, Rudolf Hess. The book laid out Adolf's plans for transforming German society into one based on race. The Great depression in Germany was a perfect opportunity for Adolf to grow his political power. Germans were open to a lot of extremist options during that time and accepted Adolf's ideas.IN 1932 Adolf ran against Paul Von Hindenburg for the presidency. Adolf

Uses of the Verb to Do for ESL

Uses of the Verb to Do for ESL The verb to do is used in a number of different ways in English. Here are the main uses of the verb to do for reference, self-study and in-class use. To do can be used as an auxiliary verb, a verb to speak about action in general, as well as combining with many nouns to express taking care of various tasks. Examples: To Do - Main Verb To do is used as a principal verb in many set phrases used with the various tasks we do around the house and at work. To do is generally used to express tasks we do, rather than things we make. Of course, there are some exceptions to the rules. Here are some of the main set phrases about tasks we do: do gooddo the dishesdo sportdo exercisedo businessdo homeworkdo yard work Examples: Ill do the dishes if you make dinner.Sheila tries to do sport at least three times a week.Hes done that exercise a number of times. Note: To do exercise is used with a number of different types of exercise. Generally, we use play with competitive sports, go with activities such as walking, riding, and hiking. Do is used with exercises such as yoga, karate, etc. Examples: Jennifer did yoga for two hours this morning.I try to do some exercises like sit-ups and push-ups every morning.James does pilates at his local gym. To Do - Auxiliary Verb To do is also used as an auxiliary verb in the simple tenses. Remember that the auxiliary verb takes the conjugation in English, so the verb to do will change depending on the tense. Remember that to do is used as an auxiliary verb only in the question and negative form. Here is a quick review of the tenses that use to do as an auxiliary verb: Present simple: Examples: She doesnt like tofu.Do you enjoy rock n roll? Past Simple: Examples: Mary didnt visit her aunt last week.Did they talk about the economy? To Do - General Use Verb To do is used as the main verb when asking general questions about what happens, is happening, is going to happen, etc. Examples: What are you doing?What will you do?What have they done?What do you do on Saturdays?etc.

Charles Babbages Contribution to Development of Computer Technology Essay

Charles Babbages Contribution to Development of Computer Technology - Essay Example According to the research findings, it can, therefore, be said that  Charles Babbage, an inventor, was born in Britain at a time when science was just beginning to take shape and influence in society, with no clear definition of its varying disciplines. During that time, people were mediocre since they still dwelt on the calculus mathematical theories of Isaac Newton, and had not made any advancement in the field. This state of circumstances disappointed Charles so much, to a point that he wanted change thus beginning the era of computers. The man in question was born on 26th December 1791 in Walworth, Surrey according to Anthony Hyman. This was in London. His father was called Benjamin Baggage, who was in partnership with the Praeds, owners of the Bitton estate and Betsy Plumleigh Babbage. His mother, who was a great influence in his life, was called Betsy Plumleigh Teape. In the year 1808, his family moved to the old Rowdens house in East Teignmouth, where his father was appointe d the warden of the St. Michael church. As a child, Charles was very inquisitive and stopped at nothing until his search for the truth is found. In his book, he tells of instances when his curiosity led him to dismantle his toys when he didn’t understand their way of working. His father was a rich man thus he was accorded the best education around in the form of expensive schools and tutors. When he was eight years of age, he was relocated to a country school to recuperate from a severe fever. During his stay here, his parents stressed that he be left to complete rest for speedy recovery. The loneliness he experienced got to his head that he started to be philosophical, questioning everything that came into contact with him and the general worldview. He went as far as experimenting in devil-worship incarnations to test their credibility. Later he joined King Edward VI School in South Devon, only to succumb to deteriorating health, forcing him to be tutored at home. It was thr ough the private studies that he developed a passion for mathematics especially by the influence of Stephen Freeman, who was an ‘astronomer’. Eventually, he was able to start schooling at Trinity College in Cambridge in 1810, where he discovered a void in the system of learning at the institution. Birth of an idea He and his friends came together to form the Analytical society between the years of 1812 and 1814 so as to challenge the University’s laid-back approach to the mathematical field. It was a successful venture that saw the publication of several books on the topic of calculus. It was during this time that Charles started to battle with the idea of creating a machine to aid in the arithmetic process. According to Bowden, Charles was thinking to himself on the possibility of devising a tool that would perform logarithms with utmost precision rather than using the incorrect manuals in use at the time. He was challenged by the French’s decision to use human mathematicians to compute new tables.

Auditing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

Auditing - Essay Example res are used by auditors so the accounting experts could plan about an organization’s internal system, its business and core segments as well as to plan about degree of other auditing techniques, tools and instruments. Nevertheless, auditing is facilitated from these procedures as they could also help in identifying the areas where there are chances for greater ‘audit risk’. Indeed, the applications of such procedures are extremely helpful as they enhance the auditors’ awareness of various underlying areas in a business entity, which had not been touched upon in past and thus require more attention to identify possible auditing risks. Finally, analytical review procedures are largely based on periodic ‘financial information, management accounts and budgets’ (Internet: frc.org.uk, 1995). It should be pointed out that auditors could use financial resources such as budgets, forecasts, statements etc. to develop expectations. In addition, non-financial information such as production and sales details in terms of number of units, sizes and packaging could also be beneficial, since it may prove to be pertinent during auditing process (Internet: frc.org.uk, 1995). The two major types of auditing tests are Test of Control and Substantive test of transactions and balances. Indeed, the substantive test refers to an auditing technique through which the auditors tend to recheck balances of all accounts separately to verify whether amounts are rightly entered (in the ledgers or not), complete, accurate etc. In addition, the test not only centers about transactions and balances but it could also include analytical procedures for validation and auditing. For instance, these tests are conducted to ensure that accounting standards are rightly applied on business transactions to obtain correct balances as they are later used in preparation of financial statements. Any errors are rectified after complete auditing process. For example, a Chartered Accountant may verify

The Influence And Leadership Management Essay

The Influence And Leadership Management Essay Just possessing an impressive title or position does not equate to someone being a leader. Leadership is influencing others to follow your vision. The quality of ones leadership is measured by their followers perception of the leaders effectiveness. This perception is driven by the different characteristics and skills that a given leader has as well as the style they use. Which traits they possess and their chosen approach will have a direct impact on the effectiveness of their leadership. This paper will explore the different aspects of a leaders personality and their position in an organization and how those factors impact the levels of influence gained. It is important to make an early distinction, Leaders and managers are not the same. Management focuses on systems and processes, organising and staffing. John Kotter in discussing what leaders really do describes the focus of leadership as motivating and inspiring keeping people moving in the right direction, despite obstacles to change, by appealing to basic but often untapped human needs, values, and emotions (Kotter, 1999, p. 54). There is overlap however, in that both managers and leaders must communicate the direction, but its a leader who will gain the commitment from followers to do what is needed to achieve the vision. Leadership can be referred to as the process of moving a group of people in a certain direction, and if it is to be sustainable it must be done through non-coercive means, thus by gaining influence from the group. Leaders need to create commitment from their followers through motivation and inspiring them to achieve collective goals. Different circumstances may require leaders to use different styles. They may even behave in a different manner depending on who they are interacting with. That being interaction between a leader and a follower may be different than that between a colleague or supervisor. This is referred to as situational leadership, where there isnt always a single approach that will satisfy all tasks, or influence all followers. According to Paul Hersey and Ken Blanchard, situational leaders should be able to place more or less emphasis on the task, and more or less emphasis on the relationships with the people theyre leading, depending on whats needed to get the job done successfully (Blanchard Hersey, 2012). In a given situation a leader may be more commanding and tell the employee exactly what to do, and how to do it. This is often referred to as an authoritative style of leadership. In another situation the leader may try to sell their message to gain greater commitment while still giving direction and providing information. Sometimes a participative style is the best fit, where the leader focuses on the relationships in the group and is prepared to share the role of decision making. And finally, a situation may call for a leader to delegate responsibilities to their follower, and take the role of a manager and monitor progress. What style to use will depend on what Hersey and Blanchard refer to as the maturity of the individual or group. This would be the levels of knowledge, skills, and confidence that the followers have (Blanchard Hersey, 2012). If the wrong style is used a leader may be faced with failure as too much responsibility was given to an employee with too low maturity, or being too authoritative to a follower with high maturity can damage the relationship through a lack of trust. Matching the leadership style with the appropriate maturity level (situation) is key to success and can strengthen leader follower relationships that will sustain future success. A strengthened relationship between leaders and followers has proven to be indispensable for an organisations success, as Bass argued the importance of this by highlighting survey results where employees favourable attitudes toward their supervisors contributed to the employees satisfaction. In turn, employees favourable attitudes toward thei r supervisors were usually found to be related to the productivity of the work group (Bass, 1990). Stogdill (1974) argued that Leaders are born, that they posses inherent traits that make them suitable as a leader. This is referred to as trait theory. In Handbook of leadership: A survey of the literature, he observed successful leaders and identified skills and traits that these leaders had. It was thought that if people were selected for leadership positions who also had a combination of these traits, than they too could be great leaders if given the chance. The table below contains Stogdills findings: Traits Skills Adaptable to situations Alert to social environment Ambitious and achievement-orientated Assertive Cooperative Decisive Dependable Dominant (desire to influence others) Energetic (high activity level) Persistent Self-confident Tolerant of stress Willing to assume responsibility Clever (intelligent) Conceptually skilled Creative Diplomatic and tactful Fluent in speaking Knowledgeable about group task Organised (administrative ability) Persuasive Socially skilled   Source: Handbook of leadership: A survey of the literature (Stogdill, 1947) McCall and Lombardo (1983) looked to focus on why some leaders succeed and others fail. They compiled their own list of traits for successful leaders. They argued that a leader needed to be emotionally stable and show composure in difficult situations. The leader should be calm, confident and predictable when under stress. They also saw that successful leaders were able to admit their own errors. That being prepared to own up to mistakes made, rather than focusing energy into covering up their errors. Another key skill they observed was good interpersonal skills. Being able to communicate clearly and persuade others without resorting to negative or coercive tactics is key to successful leadership. And finally McCall and Lombardo see a great importance in a leader possessing intellectual breadth. They describe this as being able to understand a wide range of areas, rather than having a narrow area of expertise. (McCall Lombardo, 1983) This idea that leaders are born has been challenged. Skills and traits can develop over time through life experiences such as a dramatic event, family upbringing, positive role models, work experience, education and training. These experiences can shape and alter an individuals personality. Fiedler and Garcia argue that when there is high uncertainty, or little time to think, we generally fall back on what has worked in the past. Leaders with a large repertoire of previously successful behaviours are more likely to perform better than those who lack this fund of experience (Fiedler Garcia, 2005). This highlights both the importance of experience and decisiveness in being a leader. Most of the skills and traits observed by Stogdill can be developed and shaped through life experiences. However, some skills and traits are more likely to be seen in leaders who are born with a particular personality, such as an extraverted personality. Leadership is a relationship between a group of people and an individual. This relationship is based on both influence and power, but like any relationship, the personalities of its members will dominate its long term success. A leaders personality must fit both the group and the situation. However, as previously referenced there are personality traits that have been consistently observed in successful leaders. Having an extraverted personality is not necessarily a requirement of a leader, just as possessing an introverted personality is not a disqualification. However, extroverts are often associated with some of Stogdills traits. Extroverts are commonly perceived as those with high levels of energy, expressive, and seek close relationships, where as introverts are more low key and prefer solitude (Riggio, 2011). A certain personality may not guarantee one being a better leader, but what it can determine is what type of leader one may be. When we think of great leaders many of the examples would fall into the category of extroverts; Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., Steve Jobs, and Bill Clinton. But they also come in the form of introverts; Abraham Lincoln, Bill Gates, and Mahatma Gandhi. All these men were/are great leaders, the difference is in how they approached their position as leader, and thus the relationship in the group. In a recent study by Psychology Today, it was found that social skills may be a better indicator of potential leadership. In the report, Ronald E. Riggio discusses misinterpreting the potential social effectiveness of an extroverts social energy. Riggio argues that if the person lacks the social skills to direct that energy, then the person will not be socially effective. Conversely, socially skilled introverts should do well in social interaction, but in a more low-key manner (Riggio, 2011). Most leadership theories in business environments are based on a transactional relationship between the manager and employee, with the manager being the leader to the employees position as follower. The transaction occurs by the leader offering a reward for the employees performance, this being a wage or bonus. To increase motivation they may pay higher incentives or increase perks. Path goal theory is based on the idea that an employees perception of what is expected regarding their effort and performance is greatly affected by a leaders behaviour. A leader helps his followers (employees) attain rewards by clearly outlining paths to goals and removing obstacles that could negatively affect the followers performance. Leaders do this by providing support, information, and other resources which are required by employees to complete the task and reach their goal. Robert House developed path goal theory and identifies two major dimensions of leadership, those being initiating structure and consideration. Initiating structure is the degree that a leader assigns tasks, specifies procedures, clarifies expectations, and schedules work to be done by their employees (House, 1971). As for consideration, House described this as the degree a leader provides a supportive environment through warmth, friendliness, helpfulness. Leaders do this by being approachable, considerate to the followers personal welfare, and when change is on the horizon, giving advanced notice (House, 1971). House argued that Leaders who initiate structure for subordinates are generally rated highly by superiors and have higher producing work groups than leaders who are low on initiating structure; and that leaders who are considerate of subordinates have more satisfied employees (House, 1971). In this theory leaders are seen more as coaches who want to help their employees succeed. In the text Management: ideas and actions, in contrast to transactional, Duncan offers a definition of transformational leadership as a process whereby individuals create a connection that raises the level of motivation and morality of both the leader and the follower with the primary goal to assist followers in attaining their maximum potential (Duncan, 1999). At the heart of transformational leadership is charisma. Sociologist Max Weber (1968) introduced the term charisma in the nineteenth century and described charismatic leadership as a non-rational form of authority. According to Weber, charisma is defined by a specifically supernatural trait that emerges in natural leaders during times of distress (Weber, 1968). But charisma is almost more in the hands of the followers in that they must buy in to the leaders personality, or vision. It is the followers perception that ultimately decides whether the leader is charismatic. Rukmani argues that transformational leadership is composed of idealized influence and inspirational motivation, which serving as a charismatic role model and articulating a vision of the future that can be shared (Rukmani, et al., 2010). Each style has its place in organisations and at times a leader must be able to be both transformational and transactional at different times. During times of change in organisations, transformational leaders are required to inspire the masses to share their vision. Kotter argues that motivation will be more sustainable when people are energized not by pushing them in the right direction as control mechanisms do but by satisfying basic human needs for achievement, a sense of belonging, recognition, self-esteem, a feeling of control over ones life, and the ability to live up to ones ideals (Kotter, 1999). For that reason, once systems are in place a transactional style is more appropriate to manage the work that now must be completed by those who have the knowledge and skills to do it. Leadership is the process of inspiring others to work hard to accomplish important tasks. Graen and Ulh-Bien (1995) propose three approaches to leadership, which a leader can adopt for effectively leading his or her employees. These include leader-based, relationship-based, and follower-based approaches. The approaches can be used in combinations at the same time with different followers. Effective leadership requires flexibility to employ these approaches in an honest and open manner. The leader-based approach is concerned with establishing and communicating a vision for the company, inspiring the employees commitment and enhancing group cohesion. By doing so, the leader and the followers raise one another to higher levels of motivation. Entrepreneurs who are gifted leaders are extraordinarily good at turning their visions into concrete results. A drawback of this approach is that when people are highly dependent on the leader, they may follow an inappropriate vision without question. The leader-based approach works best when there is a need for fundamental change requiring uniform direction by a charismatic leader and limited diversity among followers. The relationship-based approach is based on developing mutual trust, respect, and obligation between leader and follower, which generates influence between the parties. It emphasises building strong relationships with followers and on mutual learning and accommodation. It works best when there are different types of people with different kinds of needs who have to be managed. Relationship-based leadership can be seen as a sort of partnership between leader and follower. But, it is often time-consuming and relies on long-term relationships between particular leaders and followers. With the follower-based approach, leadership involves empowerment, coaching, facilitating, and giving up control. Accordingly, it requires the ability and motivation of the leaders followers to manage their own performance. Often, this approach makes the most of the followers capabilities, enabling leaders to focus on other responsibilities. The follower-based approach is most effective for performing unstructured tasks, in cases of weak position power of the leader, or non-acceptance of the leader. In a business environment, the leader of the organisation may also be the founder of the company. In this case they are an entrepreneur and a leader. This situation demands that the leader takes on different roles in a new organisation. It often happens that the founder entrepreneur is unable to adapt to the needs of the growing organisation. If the entrepreneur is unable to learn a new set of skills or to relinquish authority, the ventures performance can suffer. Many entrepreneurs cannot or will not break old habits in order to learn the roles they have to play in order to develop the venture, causing the company to lose control and turn profits into losses. The main problem seems to be that all too frequently the founder is reluctant to lose control of the business, wanting to do everything him or herself rather than manage others, so the growth potential of the business is strictly limited by his or her personal energy and capacity. Chandler and Jansen (1992) suggest that there a re three distinct leadership roles that an entrepreneur has to develop adequately. Or, which members of the entrepreneurs management team have to develop. The entrepreneurial role requires the ability to recognise and envision taking advantage of opportunity. This ability has been referred as the core of entrepreneurship and may be contingent on the entrepreneurs familiarity with the market. It can also be described as the drive to see firm creation through to fruition, which requires the willingness and capacity to offer intense and sustained effort. A second role the entrepreneur must fill is the managerial role. This requires the ability to develop programs, budgets, procedures, evaluate performance, and perform other tasks essential to implementing strategy. Individuals with strong managerial skills enjoy high levels of responsibility and authority; they seek positions involving delegation and motivation. The effective manager must be competent in three areas: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Conceptual competence: The mental ability to co-ordinate all of the organisations interests and activities, for instance, effective management of the ventures cash flow. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Human competence: The ability to work with, understand, and motivate other people, both individually and in groups. The manager must be able to clearly communicate the goals to be achieved and motivate others to behave in a synergistic manner. For instance, this requires the ability to delegate, manage customer and employee relationships, and exercise interpersonal skills. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Political competence: The ability to enhance ones position, builds a power base, and establishes the right connections. This may be particularly important in start-up firms, because the founder must enlist the support of network members. Establishing connections with people who control important resources and possess important skills and abilities is important to the performance of the new venture. Finally there is the technical-function role. To function effectively in the technical-functional role, the entrepreneur/leader must have the ability to use the tools, procedures and techniques of a specialised field. The specific skills required are determined by the industry within which the venture operates. Consider for instance a restaurant spinoff with a strong technical entrepreneur who only has bartending experience. If such an entrepreneur is unable to develop his or her entrepreneurial and managerial role, and if there is no one else in his or her team to fulfil this, the restaurant spinoff is likely to fail. Generally, the entrepreneurial and the technical roles are of the greatest importance at the start of the business. However, in order to grow, the managerial role is of eminent importance as well. If these roles are lacking yet the venture is determined to grow, a strong manager is needed who has the necessary knowledge and skills to fulfil these roles. But this is easier said than done. Most founders hate to step aside even though they are temperamentally unsuited to be managers. Clarysse and Moray (2004) suggest that investors have to be careful when they want to remove the founder-entrepreneur. This is because the initial team often only accepts a newcomer as a CEO once they have been convinced of the shortcomings of their friend as a boss. Business Leaders today face multiple challenges of recruiting and retaining competent employees. In order to succeed both in reaching a common goal and creating commitment amongst their followers, a leader ability to inspire and motivate is crucial. Whether it comes naturally or developed over time, there are skills and traits that an effective leader must have in order to inspire their followers. They will need to be flexible, both for different task requirements and for the differing personalities and skills of their employees. If a leader cant influence their employees then they will have no followers; so then if the leader has no followers than they really arent a leader at all. Without influence there is no leadership.

Management of a World Class Company Toyota

Content I. Introduction of Toyota Motor Company II. Management of Toyota Motor Company 1. Coprporate Governance of Toyota Motor Company 2. The Toyota Way 3. Toyota managerial problems III. Conclusion Management of World Class Company – Toyota Motor Company I. Introduction of Toyota Motor Company Toyota Motor Company or TMC is a Japanese automobile manufacturer and it is stationed in the city of Toyota in the Aichi prefecture. The relationship between the city and the company gave the name of the city which was previously known as Koromo.Toyota is the largest automobile manufacturer in Japan[1] and it is also the largest worldwide as of the first half of 2012[2] by volume of sold cars ahead of General Motors and Volkswagen AG. The company was created in 1937 by Kiichiro Toyoda as a spinoff to Toyota Industries to create automobiles. As of 2012, Toyota own several different brands as Lexus – luxury cars, Scion – brand only for North America, aimed towards the Gener ation Y and 51% in Daihatsu – the oldest car manufacturer in Japan. Akio Toyoda is the current CEO of Toyota, he is grandson of the creator Kiichiro Toyoda[3].Toyota have produced more than 200 million cars all over the world with their biggest market in North America – 32%, followed by their home country Japan – 25%, Europe – 14% and Asia – 11%[4]. Toyota is publicly traded company of three of the major Stock Exchanges: New York Stock Exchange(NYSE), London Stock Exchange(LSE) and Tokyo Stock Exchange (TSE). In the end of 2009 and the beginning of 2010, Toyota recalled 9 million cars on various technical faults[5]. 5. 3 million of them was over a faulty â€Å"all-weather† floor mat, additional 2. 3 mil. For a faulty accelerator pedal and 1. 7 for both problems.On 14th of November 2012, Toyota announced that it will recall additional 2. 7 mil. cars over problems with the steering wheel and water pump system. This comes four weeks( 10th Octob er) after another 7 mil. cars recalled over faulty electric windows mechanisms[6]. The 2010 recalls hit the company hard with huge financial loses, because of the recalls and stop of production for some time of the affected vehicles. Severe damage to the brand in the eyes of the public. An estimate of 1. 93 billion dollars were lost, because of missed sales, output and another recall related costs[7].A 15% drop in shares was experienced by the company. Toyota is one of the leading manufacturers in pushing the hybrid electric vehicles. Their hybrid technologies make them the first company to mass produce such an automobile with the Toyota Prius in 1997. As of October 2012 the Prius around 3 mil. units[8] . 19 other Toyota branded vehicles are also available with the hybrid technology. So are models from the Lexus sub-brand. II. Management of Toyota Motor Company 1. Coprporate Governance of Toyota Motor Company Toyota Motor Company(TMC) is a public listed company, which means everybod y can buy shares in it.This mean that the is a specific corporate structure and management operations. Toyota is with top-down centralized way of management. The company is headed by Fujio Cho, he is the chairman which in the Japanese system, that puts him in charge of the country's and world's largest automaker. He is only the second person to head Toyota and to not be from the Toyoda family after they stepped out in 1995. He joined Toyota in 1960 and previous titles include: Managing Director, Senior Managing Director, Vice President, President and Vice Chairman of the Board. He stepped in as a chairman in September 2006[9]. 960–1966, apprentice and training employee; 1966–1974, Production Control Division; 1974–1984, manager in Production Control Division; 1984–1986, manager in Logistics Administration and project manager in Production Control Division; 1986–1987, manager in Administration; 1987–1988, manager of Toyota North America Proje ct and executive vice president of Toyota Motor Manufacturing USA; 1988–1994, president of Toyota Motor Manufacturing USA; 1994–1996, managing director; 1996–1998, senior managing director; 1998–1999, executive vice president; 1999–, CEO and president[10].The Vice Chairman of the Board is Takeshi Uchiyamada since April 2012 and also serve as Vice President of the Company. Mr. Uchiyamada served as Executive Vice President of Toyota Motor Corp. since June 2005, as the Chief Production Control & Logistics Officer of Toyota Motor Corp. since 2004, as Senior Managing Director of Toyota Motor Corp. from 2003 to June 2005. He served as the Chief Vehicle Engineering Officer of Toyota since 2003 and joined Toyota in 1969[11]. Akio Toyoda is the President and Chief executive officer of the company.He is also President of Toyota Finance Australia Ltd. , Toyota Motor North America, Inc. and Toyota Motor Credit Corporation since June 2009. Mr. Toyoda serves as Senior Adviser of Toyota Media Service Corporation. He has been the President of Hitachi Ltd and Honda Motor Co. since March 2009. He served as an Executive Vice President of Toyota Motor Corp. from January 21, 2005 to June 2009, Senior Managing Director and Chief of Asia & China Operations Officer since 2003 and also served as its Division General Manager of Taiwan & China Offices. He joined Toyota in 1984[12].The company also have 7 Executive Vice Presidents,63 Directors, 7 Corporate Auditors, 18 Senior Managing Officers and 35 Managing Officers[13]. The company’s top management priority is to steadily increase corporate value over the long term. In order to achieve that, Toyota builds favorable relationships with all of its stakeholders, including shareholders, customers, business partners, local communities and employees. In house committees and councils are used for monitoring and discussing management of the company from the viewpoint of the stakeholders.In 2003 was int roduced the current system of management in which Chief Officers, who are directors, serve as the highest authorities of their specific operational functions across the entire company, while non-board Managing Officers implement the actual operations[14]. Toyota's philosophy of emphasizing developments on the site, the Chief Officers serve as the link between management and on-site operations, instead of focusing exclusively on management. The company have different divisions all over the world, United States of America, The United Kingdom.In the UK the division is headed by a General Manager – John Burton. He is responsible for two branches of the company, the office and shop floor. In the office part there is Assistant General Manager, Senior Manager, Section Manager, Specialist Engeneer – Senior, Specialist Engeneer, Lead Administrator and Administrator. For the Shopfloor we have the same structure till Section Manager with the adition of Group Leader- Senior, Grouo Leader, Team Leader and Team Member. As a publicly traded company Toyota have issued 3,447,997,492 shares and have 668,186 shareholders. 2. The Toyota WayThe most important created in the managerial sphere by Toyota is the Toyota Way. The Toyota Way is a set of principles and behaviors that underline the Toyota Motor Corporation's managerial approach and production system. Toyota first explained and summed up those philosophy, values and manufacturing ideals in 2001, calling it â€Å"The Toyota Way 2001. † It consists of principles in two key areas: continuous improvement, and respect for people[15]. The principles for a continuous improvement include establishing a long-term vision, working on challenges, continual innovation, and going to the source of the issues or problems.The rules relating to respect for people include ways of building it and teamwork. Toyota's management philosophy has evolved from the company's origins and has been used in the terms â€Å"Lean Manuf acturing† and Just In Time Production, which it was very important in developing[16] Toyota's managerial values and business methods which are known collectively as the Toyota Way. Toyota uses five principles for their operations: †¢ Challenge †¢ Kaizen (improvement) †¢ Genchi Genbutsu (go and see) †¢ Respect †¢ Teamwork[17] Another part of the Toyota Way is the Toyota Production System.The Toyota Production System (TPS) is an integrated socio-technical system, developed by Toyota, that Cover its management philosophy and practices. The TPS organizes manufacturing and logistics for the company, how it interacts with suppliers and customers. The system is a major predecessor of the â€Å"lean manufacturing. † Taiichi Ohno, Shigeo Shingo and Eiji Toyoda developed the system between 1948 and 1975. [18] Originally called â€Å"just-in-time production,† it develops on the approach created by the founder of Toyota, Sakichi Toyoda, his son Kiich iro Toyoda, and the engineer Taiichi Ohno.The principles of TPS are embodied in The Toyota Way. The main objectives of the TPS are to design out overburden (muri) and inconsistency (mura), and to eliminate waste (muda). The most significant effects on process value delivery are achieved by designing a process capable of delivering the required results smoothly; by designing out â€Å"mura† (inconsistency). It is also crucial to ensure that the process is as flexible as necessary without stress or â€Å"muri† (overburden) since this generates â€Å"muda† (waste).Finally the tactical improvements of waste reduction or the elimination of muda are very valuable. There are seven kinds of muda that are addressed in the TPS[19]: 1. Waste of over production (largest waste) 2. Waste of time on hand (waiting) 3. Waste of transportation 4. Waste of processing itself 5. Waste of stock at hand 6. Waste of movement 7. Waste of making defective products The system, is one of t he biggest aspect of the company, it is responsible for having made Toyota the company it is today.For long time Toyota has been recognized as a leader in the automotive manufacturing. [20] It is a myth that â€Å"Toyota received their inspiration for the system, not from the American automotive industry (at that time the world's largest by far), but from visiting a supermarket. † The idea of Just-in-time production was originated by Kiichiro Toyoda, founder of Toyota. [21] The question was how to implement TPS. When reading descriptions of American supermarkets, Ohno saw how the supermarket operated with the model he was trying to accomplish in the factory.A customer in a supermarket takes the desired amount of products off the shelf and buys them. The store restocks the given products with enough new ones to fill up the empty shelf spaces. Similarly, a work-center that needed parts would go to a ‘store shelf' (the inventory storage point) for the particular part and à ¢â‚¬Ëœbuy' (withdraw) the quantity it needed, and the ‘shelf' would be ‘restocked' by the work-center that manufactured the part, making only enough to replace the inventory that had been withdrawn. 22] While low inventory levels are a key outcome of the Toyota Production System, an important element of the philosophy behind its system is to work intelligently and eliminate waste so that only minimal inventory is needed. Many American businesses, having observed Toyota's factories, set out to attack high inventory levels directly without understanding what made these reductions possible. The act of imitating without understanding the underlying concept or motivation may have led to the failure of those projects. In 2004 a professor from University of Michigan, Dr.Jeffrey Liker published a book â€Å"The Toyota Way† in which he called Toyota way â€Å"a system designed to provide the tools for people to continually improve their work†. [23] â€Å"Since Toyo ta’s founding we have adhered to the core principle of contributing to society through the practice of manufacturing high-quality products and services. Our business practices and activities based on this core principle created values, beliefs and business methods that over the years have become a source of competitive advantage. These are the managerial values and business methods that are known collectively as the Toyota Way. —Fujio Cho, President Toyota (from the Toyota Way document, 2001)[24] According to Liker in the Toyota Way the people are what bring the system to life, working, communicating, resolving issues, and growing together. The Toyota Way encourages, supports, and in fact demands employee involvement. It is a system designed to provide the tools for people to continually improve their work. Toyota Way means more dependence on people, not less. It is a culture, even more than a set of efficiency and improvement techniques.You depend upon the workers to reduce inventory, identify hidden problems, and fix them. The workers have a sense of urgency, purpose, and teamwork because if they don’t fix it there will be an inventory outage. On a daily basis, engineers, skilled workers, quality specialist, vendors, team leaders, and—most importantly—operators are all involved in continuous problem solving and improvement, which over time trains everyone to become better problem solvers. In it Liker summarized it in 14 principles. The principles are organized in four broad categories: 1)Long-Term Philosophy, 2) The Right Process Will Produce the Right Results (this utilizes many of the TPS tools), 3) Add Value to the Organization by Developing Your People, and 4) Continuously Solving Root Problems Drives Organizational Learning. [25] 1)Long-Term Philosophy 1. Base your management decisions on a long-term philosophy, even at the expense of short-term financial goals. It is needed to replace the short term decision making wi th philosophical thinking of purpose. Understanding that the organization is bigger than money and that long term value for the customers and be responsible. )The Right Process Will Produce The Right Results 2. Create a continuous process flow to bring problems to the surface. Time management is very important, it must not be wasted. Creating good flow of the work with materials and people. 3. Use â€Å"pull† systems to avoid overproduction. Providing customers with everything they want when they wanted it. There is no need for costly overstocking. There need to be flexibility with the day-by-day shifts in customer demand not convoluted forecasts. [26] 4. Level out the workload (heijunka). (Work like the tortoise, not the hare. )People and machines must not be overused. There must be leveled out workload. 5. Build a culture of stopping to fix problems, to get quality right the first time. Quality for the customer drives the value proposition. Building equipment capable of det ecting problems and stopping itself. Developing a visual system to alert team or project leaders that a machine or process needs assistance. Jidoka (machines with human intelligence) is the foundation for â€Å"building in† quality. Problems must be solved quickly. 6. Standardized tasks and processes are the foundation for continuous mprovement and employee empowerment. Capturing the accumulated learning about a process up to a point in time by standardizing today’s best practices. Allowing creative and individual expression to improve upon the standard; then using it into the new standard so that when a person moves on, to easily hand off the learning to the next person. 7. Use visual control so no problems are hidden. Use simple visual indicators to help people determine immediately whether there are problems. [27] 8. Use only reliable, thoroughly tested technology that serves your people and processes.Technology must be used for supporting the people not replacing t hem and it can lead to slow implementation. Tests can determine if it is viable to use new technologies. 3) Add Value to the Organization by Developing Your People 9. Grow leaders who thoroughly understand the work, live the philosophy, and teach it to others. Creating leaders inside the company and not sourcing them outside of the company. Such leaders must be role-models. 10. Develop exceptional people and teams who follow your company’s philosophy. Creating a strong, stable culture in which company values and beliefs are widely shared and used over a period of many years.Corporate culture and teamwork must be adhered by the employees for exceptional results. [28] 11. Respect your extended network of partners and suppliers by challenging them and helping them improve. 4) Continuously Solving Root Problems Drives Organizational Learning 12. Go and see for yourself to thoroughly understand the situation (genchi genbutsu). Personal observation and data gathering for the proble ms that are encountered. Verification of information first hand. 13. Make decisions slowly by consensus, thoroughly considering all options; implement decisions rapidly (nemawashi).Straightforwardness must not be accepted, alternative solutions must be taken into account. Also using other people for gathering information and helping with the decision is needed. 14. Become a learning organization through relentless reflection (hansei) and continuous improvement (kaizen). Using improvement tools to determine the cause of inefficiencies and apply effective countermeasures. Once waste is exposed, having employees use a continuous improvement process (kaizen) to eliminate it. Using hansei (reflection) at key milestones and after you finish a project to openly identify all the shortcomings of the project.Develop countermeasures to avoid the same mistakes again. [29] By using TPS Toyota reduced time consumption and money, while it improved quality. This helped the company become the bigges t company by 2007 and be very profitable. But in recent years it looks that the TPS is not working so well or it is abandoned altogether. The recent technical problems of Toyota showed to some that maybe the TPS is not so good, but if it wasn’t good or it can’t be used anymore, Toyota would have not be able to go back to the top in such short time. The problems maybe are not part of the TPS, but rather other factors.Too big growth of the company in the 21st century. The central lead management don’t allow flexibility in tackling problems. Another issue it that problems become much more obvious with the increase of quantity and this will result in much more negative situation which can’t be handled or will be exploited by competitors. The complexity of cars is attributing factor to have more problems and this can’t be solved by the managers. Of course TPS can be blamed in some way. It support standardization in task and processes and when there is p roblem with one thing, that problem translate everywhere where standardization is used.And finally a problem experienced by almost all big companies all over the world – slow response to problems, because of the amount of bureaucracy that comes with complex management in big organizations. 3. Toyota managerial problems The management of Toyota today are not very successful, after the big vehicle recalls there was a serious lack of admittance by Toyota CEO Akio Toyoda that something is wrong at that was most prominently seen in his press conference about that matter where he stated: â€Å"Believe me, Toyota’s car is safety.But we will try to make our product better. † Another big problem for the management is the dysfunctional organization structure and a secretive culture. After a problem experienced in Europe and this problem could have affected North America there was absolute no communication between the different branches of the company. [30] Instead of admi tting that there is a problem Toyota denied that there are any problems with their cars. III. Conclusion As of mid 2012 Toyota is once again the leader in the automotive world.Although the problems that plagued the company for 2 years reduced their output, profits decreased substantially and the company image was severely damaged which led to the company losing a big sum of money and trust with their consumers, they managed to get out of the problem with relative ease. The company also realized some important things from all this: 1. They could not want to be a global leader and keep all the power in the hands of the headquarters in Japan. Even though they claimed that they are delegating management to other parts of the company around the world the crisis showed something different.When a lot of the production is happening outside Japan they couldn’t afford to still maintain all the power in Japan. 2. They must create friends in order to advance even if they have millions of customers. The crisis left them with no real allies and protection. 3. Toyota learned that it must maintain its reputation every minute. Claiming that they are the best don’t help. Consumers want to see and experience that in the real world not just through ads and statistics. ———————– [1] Wikipedia, Toyota [2] Tim Higgins – Jul 26, 2012, Bloomberg, http://www. bloomberg. om/news/2012-07-25/toyota-extends-global-sales-lead-over-general-motors-vw. html [3] Wikipedia, Akio Toyoda [4] Wikipedia, Toyota [5] Christian Science Monitor, http://www. csmonitor. com/USA/2010/0129/Toyota-recall-update-dealers-face-full-lots-anxious-customers [6] BBC, http://www. bbc. co. uk/news/business-20321594 [7] BBC, http://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/business/8493414. stm [8] Mike Milikin 8 Nov. 2012, Green Car Congress, http://www. greencarcongress. com/2012/11/tmchybrids-20121108. html [9] Wikipedia, Fujio Cho [10] Reference for business , http://www. referenceforbusiness. om/biography/A-E/Cho-Fujio-1937. html [11] Bloomberg Business Week, http://investing. businessweek. com/research/stocks/people/person. asp? personId=646436&ticker=TM [12] Bloomberg Business Week, http://investing. businessweek. com/research/stocks/people/person. asp? personId=1828739&ticker=TM [13] Toyota Global [14] Toyota Global [15] â€Å"Environmental & Social Report 2003†. Toyota Motor. p. 80. [16] Strategos-International. Toyota Production System and Lean Manufacturing. [17] Toyota internal document, â€Å"The Toyota Way 2001,† April 2001 [18] Strategos-International.Toyota Production System and Lean Manufacturing. [19] Ohno, Taiichi (March 1998), Toyota Production System: Beyond Large-Scale Production, Productivity Press [20] Brian Bremner, B. and C. Dawson (November 17, 2003). â€Å"Can Anything Stop Toyota? : An inside look at how it's reinventing the auto industry† [21] Ohno, Taiichi (March 1988), Just-In-Time For To day and Tommorrow, Productivity Press, [22] Magee, David (November 2007), How Toyota Became #1 – Leadership Lessons from the World's Greatest Car Company, Portfolio Hardcover, [23] Liker, Jeffrey (2004). The 14 Principles of the Toyota Way: An Executive Summary of the Culture Behind TPS†. University of Michigan. p. 36 [24] Liker, Jeffrey(2004). The 14 Principles of the Toyota Way: An Executive Summary of the Culture Behind TPS†. University of Michigan. p. 35 [25] Liker, Jeffrey (2004). â€Å"The 14 Principles of the Toyota Way: An Executive Summary of the Culture Behind TPS†. University of Michigan. p. 36 [26] Liker, Jeffrey (2004). â€Å"The 14 Principles of the Toyota Way: An Executive Summary of the Culture Behind TPS†. University of Michigan. p. 7 [27] Liker, Jeffrey (2004). â€Å"The 14 Principles of the Toyota Way: An Executive Summary of the Culture Behind TPS†. University of Michigan. p. 38 [28] Liker, Jeffrey (2004). â€Å"The 14 Pri nciples of the Toyota Way: An Executive Summary of the Culture Behind TPS†. University of Michigan. p. 39 [29] Liker, Jeffrey (2004). â€Å"The 14 Principles of the Toyota Way: An Executive Summary of the Culture Behind TPS†. University of Michigan. p. 40 [30] Wall Street Journal, http://online. wsj. com/article/SB10001424052748704820904575055733096312238. html